Complex many-objective optimization problems (MaOPs) generate multiple challenges for obtaining convergence alongside diversity within extensive multi-dimensional solution areas. Optimization approaches currently face limitations when trying to balance exploration and exploitation especially when resources become limited. MaOCO represents the Many-Objective Cheetah Optimization Algorithm which draws its concepts from the hunting behavior of cheetahs. MaOCO includes adaptive search functions that use attack and sit-and-wait approaches to optimize exploration and exploitation capabilities. MaOCO produces hypervolume (HV) results that exceed NSGA-III and MaOMVO by 50% while also delivering inverse generational distance (IGD) results which reach 40% better than both competing methods. The algorithm demonstrates superior efficiency in solving complex MaOPs, because it requires lower computational costs by 15%. MaOCO successfully traverses Pareto-optimal fronts according to theoretical evaluations, and its modular structure allows for both scale-up and hybridization features. The implemented applications of this approach include optimizing energy systems along with designing structures for engineering projects. Future researchers plan to integrate MaOCO with additional metaheuristic techniques to improve its performance when dealing with dynamic and irregular Pareto front problems.

Building optimisation techniques provide a rigorous framework for exploring new optimal design solutions. In this study, a genetic algorithm (GA) was used to investigate the energy efficiency of a vernacular architectural element (Rawshan) in Saudi Arabia. Two objectives were optimised using a GA simulation enhanced: energy consumption optimisation and useful daylight illuminance (UDI) optimisation. A calibrated simulation model of a typical house in Saudi Arabia was used in the study. Several metrics, such as light interference from shadows or other windows, were considered to indicate the importance of the Rawshan. Computational studies were performed using different climatic conditions, and the results were compared with and without a Rawshan element using the weather data of Mecca, Jeddah, Riyadh, and Al-Baha. In this study, the blind thicknesses on the front and sides of the Rawshan were used as optimisation variables. The results showed that using a GA with energy consumption as an objective can reduce energy consumption. One of the methods proposed in the paper can reduce energy consumption by 3.6%, 3.6%, and 16.6% for Mecca, Riyadh, and Al-Baha, respectively. The single-objective optimisation method demonstrated that Rawshan provided sufficient UDI in four cities: Mecca, Jeddah, Riyadh, and Al-Baha. The research provided optimised values for Rawshan blind thicknesses on the front and lateral sides under different optimisation constraints. The results showed that using Rawshans in modern building architecture can reduce energy consumption and improve useful daylight illuminance.

To achieve the potential of smart cities, there is a strong requirement to use a set of useful, but still accessible services within smart city systems. Interoperability challenges and roadblocks for software developers and integrators are well-known consequences of fragmented semantics across different contexts. Furthermore, in the smart city context, there is a need to ensure the security and identity of real-world services operating on this data through the adoption of access control principles (authorization and authentication). The use of ontologies to unify the diverse semantics of multiple domains is one strategy that has had considerable success in the past. This paper describes an access management ontology in smart cities developed to enable the interoperability of physical built environment assets, sensing and actuation devices and current built environment services with existing security standards, digital twin and Building Information Model (BIM) datasets. It also provides interoperability between user interfaces and the actors who use them in the context of establishing an access management in smart cities framework for the built environment. This has been validated through its implementation in the Cardiff Urban Sustainability Platform (CUSP), deployed to manage a variety of smart services on a university campus. This validation has successfully shown the ability of the ontology to function as intended in the context of a digital twin, thereby offering single sign-on and suitable access control.

The PlantCity dataset addresses significant agricultural yield losses in Pakistan from plant diseases. It provides 10,667 high-resolution images of leaves from 12 key crops: apple, apricot, bean, cherry, maize, fig, grape, loquat, pear, tomato, walnut, and persimmon. The images are organized into 52 classes (41 diseased and 11 healthy) and augmented to a total of 52,273 images. Data was collected in real-field conditions in Charsadda (34.15°N, 71.74°E, typical temperature 40–44 °C) and Chitral (35.85°N, 71.79°E, typical temperature 25–30 °C) from April to July 2023–2024. The dataset enables the development of deep learning models for automated disease classification and captures a range of environmental factors, including high temperatures that can exacerbate disease symptoms. It utilizes smartphone-based computer vision to facilitate early disease identification, thereby supporting precision farming and sustainable agriculture in Pakistan.

This study introduces a multi-model predictive control (MMPC) framework for quadrotor attitude regulation, combining the high-precision capabilities of nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) with the computing efficiency of linear model predictive control (LMPC). Although NMPC provides excellent regulation, its substantial computational expense restricts its real-time use in high-refresh-rate applications like attitude control. In contrast, LMPC exhibits computational efficiency but encounters challenges with stability and precision in nonlinear dynamics. In order to resolve this discrepancy, we propose a MMPC approach that integrates Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for model reduction and employs linear quadrotor attitude models. This approach reduces the computational complexity and the number of necessary Linear Model Predictive Controllers (LMPCs). To improve performance, we implement an adaptive gain scheduling algorithm to mitigate the chattering effect frequently seen in multi-model approaches. This seamless switching technique diminishes high-frequency noise in brushless DC motor operation, minimises peak overshoot, and mitigates actuator wear, thereby enhancing system stability and durability. Comparative assessments indicate that the suggested MMPC framework attains NMPC-equivalent performance while incurring LMPC-level computational expenses, exceeding the efficacy of conventional incremental nonlinear dynamic inversion, sliding mode control, and traditional NMPC and LMPC methodologies. This study offers a computationally efficient and stable control solution for real-time UAV applications, including model reduction, chattering mitigation, and predictive control optimisation for autonomous aerial systems.

The cloud-fog computing paradigm has transformed the field of distributed computing and at the same time brought about unparalleled security risks to the critical infrastructure systems. Conventional security models are limited in real-time threat identification and this leads to high false positive vulnerabilities, as well as poor response mechanisms. This paper presents a new AI-supported security architecture, called SecureRiskNet, which is a synergistic system of advanced deep learning architectural frameworks and smart risk quantification algorithms that are used to detect all threats in heterogeneous cloud-fog networks. Our approach methodology uses hybrid detection mechanism as a combination of Isolation Forest to detect anomalies without supervision, and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks to identify temporal patterns, detecting both known and zero-day attacks. The framework views the multi-layered feature fusion techniques as the correlation of network traffic patterns to cloud resource utilization metrics and generates better cross-domain anomaly detection. SecureRiskNet achieves 96.2% accuracy, 0.95 precision, 0.96 recall, and 0.967 AUC, while maintaining sub-1.5 ms inference latency across fog deployments, demonstrating superior performance and real-time suitability for resource-constrained environments. The offered entropy-weighted dynamic risk scoring with the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) optimization facilitates prioritized threat management in real-time and allows the deployment on distributed infrastructures.