Background: The implementation of the EU climate and energy policy, along with changes in the legal environment, has led to a significant increase in energy prices in Poland. Consequently, energy expenditures are now a larger part of household budgets. These rising energy costs and the evolving legal landscape are compelling households to invest in energy-saving solutions and modify their energy consumption habits. This article aims to identify the activities of households in Poland regarding the rationalization of energy expenditures. It formulates the following research hypothesis: households invest in energy-saving appliances to rationalize energy expenditures and/or change their behaviors to reduce energy consumption. Methods: The paper is based on primary research conducted using an online questionnaire survey on a sample of 331 respondents in Poland in March and April 2023. Results: A classification tree algorithm was used to identify the level of investment activities and behavioral changes made by households to reduce energy expenditures. The authors found that low-income households and people who fear further energy price increases are the first of all to change their behaviors for more energy-efficient ones. Medium- and high-income households take investment measures. They replace household appliances with more energy-efficient ones and install heat pumps and photovoltaic panels. These investments are motivated by responsible consumption, environmental protection, cleanliness, and the ease of use of the appliances.

The purpose of this study is to identify trends in consumer behaviour relevant to the development of the subscription economy and to identify motives and preferences of Polish consumers related to the analysed business model. The study used the literature analysis and critique method and the diagnostic survey method (N=350). The authors' study showed a high interest of Poles in the subscription model, the highest among 18-24-year-olds. At the same time, as many as 75 percent of respondents in the oldest age group (over 60 years) declared that they would like to increase their subscriptions in the future. Based on the analysis, it was concluded that Poles have a high interest in products/services in the following categories: telecommunications/TV, home services, and medical services. Concerning the identified factors influencing consumer behaviour in terms of subscription economics, the research showed that economic factors such as subscription price remain the most important for Polish consumers. The article describes the new motivations and trends behind the adoption of subscription models by Polish consumers.

Purpose-The goal of this article is to identify the possibilities of using crowdfunding in sports using football as an example. Research methodology-The article is theoretical and empirical in nature. The first part discusses the definition and process of organising crowdfunding collections and analyses selected successful crowdfunding campaigns involving local football sports club communities. A literature analysis and case study method were used and a SWOT analysis was conducted as a conclusion. The second part of the article complements the theoretical considerations in the form of a research report conducted among a group of football fans in Poland, in which their position towards crowdfunding is discussed. A diagnostic survey method was used for this purpose and a statistical analysis was carried out. The following research hypothesis was adopted: The use of crowdfunding as an alternative funding method can positively influence the development and support of football clubs, especially those in the lower leagues, by increasing the availability of funds and community involvement. The use of crowdfunding as an alternative funding method influences the development and support of football clubs by increasing the availability of funds and community engagement. Results-Based on the results of the study and the analysis of the literature, it was concluded that crowdfunding can be an effective tool to raise funds for football, but requires proper planning, community involvement, and effective communication. A good definition and understanding of the project's goals and increased education of the fan community in crowdfunding will help convince them to support it financially. Football fans who support their favourite club financially consider crowdfunding a more effective funding method than fans who do not financially support their favourite club. In addition, 1 Article received on 25.07.

Purpose: The aim of the article is to present equity crowdfunding, to explain its purpose and principles as well as to identify economic and social factors in the development of this form of fundraising in Poland in 2020-2022. Design/methodology/approach: The study used reports from crowdfunding platforms and own re-search. The study is based mainly on descriptive, analytical and com-parative research methods. Findings: After analyzing the data from crowdfunding platforms and the provisions of the new regulations, it can be concluded that equity crowdfunding is a dynamically developing method of financing economic projects in Poland. Originality/value: The publication presents the results of research conducted on the basis of crowdfunding reports. Keywords: equity crowdfunding, community, funding source. Category of the paper: Research paper.