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Philipp Otter
AUTARCON GmbH, D-34117 Kassel, Germany

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Journal article
Published: 21 November 2020 in Water
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A large variety of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) to degrade trace organic compounds during water treatment have been studied on a lab scale in the past. This paper presents the combination of inline electrolytic chlorine generation (ECl2) with low pressure UV reactors (UV/ECl2) in order to allow the operation of a chlorine-based AOP without the need for any chlorine dosing. Lab studies showed that from a Free Available Chlorine (FAC) concentration range between 1 and 18 mg/L produced by ECl2 up to 84% can be photolyzed to form, among others, hydroxyl radicals (OH) with an UV energy input of 0.48 kWh/m3. This ratio could be increased to 97% by doubling the UV energy input to 0.96 kWh/m3 and was constant throughout the tested FAC range. Also the achieved radical yield of 64% did not change along the given FAC concentration range and no dependence between pH 6 and pH 8 could be found, largely simplifying the operation of a pilot scale system in drinking water treatment. Whereas with ECl2 alone only 5% of benzotriazoles could be degraded, the combination with UV improved the degradation to 89%. Similar results were achieved for 4-methylbenzotriazole, 5-methylbenzotriazole and iomeprol. Oxipurinol and gabapentin were readily degraded by ECl2 alone. The trihalomethanes values were maintained below the Germany drinking water standard of 50 µg/L, provided residual chlorine concentrations are kept within the permissible limits. The here presented treatment approach is promising for decentralized treatment application but requires further optimization in order to reduce its energy requirements.

ACS Style

Philipp Otter; Katharina Mette; Robert Wesch; Tobias Gerhardt; Frank-Marc Krüger; Alexander Goldmaier; Florian Benz; Pradyut Malakar; Thomas Grischek. Oxidation of Selected Trace Organic Compounds through the Combination of Inline Electro-Chlorination with UV Radiation (UV/ECl2) as Alternative AOP for Decentralized Drinking Water Treatment. Water 2020, 12, 3275 .

AMA Style

Philipp Otter, Katharina Mette, Robert Wesch, Tobias Gerhardt, Frank-Marc Krüger, Alexander Goldmaier, Florian Benz, Pradyut Malakar, Thomas Grischek. Oxidation of Selected Trace Organic Compounds through the Combination of Inline Electro-Chlorination with UV Radiation (UV/ECl2) as Alternative AOP for Decentralized Drinking Water Treatment. Water. 2020; 12 (11):3275.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Philipp Otter; Katharina Mette; Robert Wesch; Tobias Gerhardt; Frank-Marc Krüger; Alexander Goldmaier; Florian Benz; Pradyut Malakar; Thomas Grischek. 2020. "Oxidation of Selected Trace Organic Compounds through the Combination of Inline Electro-Chlorination with UV Radiation (UV/ECl2) as Alternative AOP for Decentralized Drinking Water Treatment." Water 12, no. 11: 3275.

Journal article
Published: 06 September 2020 in Water Research
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Reliable data on the economic feasibility of small-scale rural water supply systems are insufficient, which hampers the allocation of funds to construct them, even as the need for their construction increases. To address this gap, three newly constructed water supply systems with water points in Nepal, Egypt, and Tanzania were accompanied by the authors throughout the planning and implementation phases and up to several years of operation. This study presents an analysis of their economic feasibility and suggests important factors for successful water supply system implementation at other rural locations. The initial investment for construction of the new water supply systems ranged from 23,600 € to 44,000 €, and operation and maintenance costs ranged from 547 € to 1,921 € per year. The water price and actual multi-year average quantity of tapped water at each site were 7.7 €/m³ & 0.67 m³/d in Nepal, 0.7 €/m³ & 0.88 m³/d in Egypt and 0.9 €/m³ & 8.65 m³/d in Tanzania. Although the new water supply systems enjoyed acceptance among the consumers, the actual average water quantity tapped ranged from just 17 to 30 % of the demand for which the new supply systems were designed. While two of three sites successfully yielded a cash surplus through the sale of water, sufficient for operation, maintenance and basic repairs, no site showed a realistic chance of recovering the initial investment (reaching the break-even point) within the projected lifetime of the technical infrastructure. Reaching the break-even point within 5 years, which would be necessary to attract private investors, would require an unrealistic increase of the water price or the water consumption by factors ranging from 5.2 to 9.0. The economic viability of such systems therefore depends strongly on the quantity of water consumed and the water price, as well as the availability of funding from governments, NGOs or other sponsors not primarily interested in a financial return on their investment.

ACS Style

Philipp Otter; Wolfgang Sattler; Thomas Grischek; Martina Jaskolski; Emanuel Mey; Nico Ulmer; Peter Grossmann; Fabien Matthias; Pradyut Malakar; Alexander Goldmaier; Florian Benz; Calvin Ndumwa. Economic evaluation of water supply systems operated with solar-driven electro-chlorination in rural regions in Nepal, Egypt and Tanzania. Water Research 2020, 187, 116384 .

AMA Style

Philipp Otter, Wolfgang Sattler, Thomas Grischek, Martina Jaskolski, Emanuel Mey, Nico Ulmer, Peter Grossmann, Fabien Matthias, Pradyut Malakar, Alexander Goldmaier, Florian Benz, Calvin Ndumwa. Economic evaluation of water supply systems operated with solar-driven electro-chlorination in rural regions in Nepal, Egypt and Tanzania. Water Research. 2020; 187 ():116384.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Philipp Otter; Wolfgang Sattler; Thomas Grischek; Martina Jaskolski; Emanuel Mey; Nico Ulmer; Peter Grossmann; Fabien Matthias; Pradyut Malakar; Alexander Goldmaier; Florian Benz; Calvin Ndumwa. 2020. "Economic evaluation of water supply systems operated with solar-driven electro-chlorination in rural regions in Nepal, Egypt and Tanzania." Water Research 187, no. : 116384.

Journal article
Published: 08 March 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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Increasing water scarcity is of growing concern in Europe, especially in Mediterranean countries along coastlines. Wastewater reuse reduces water stress, but often requires the absence of pathogen indicators and the application of chlorine to assure residual disinfection. However, the effluent qualities of typical Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) show immense chlorine demands. This makes the supply, handling and dosing of typical WWTP effluent challenging, especially in rural regions. In the work presented here, a vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) was combined with a small-scale solar-driven Onsite Chlorine Generation system (OCG) to further improve effluent qualities for different WWTPs and to produce chlorine stock solution directly at the site. To test different operational conditions the VFCW received WWTP effluent from a) an Activated Sludge and b) a High-Rate Algae Pond system. The VFCW reduced TSS by 92%, COD by 80%, and NH4 by over 99% and the chlorine demand by 85%. The log-unit reduction of the VFCW/OCG system reached ≥5.1 for total coliforms and ≥4.6 for E. Coli. During VFCW passage the already high electrical conductivity further increased to beyond permissible reuse limits due to high evapotranspiration (ET) rates of the planted vegetation Arundo donax. Unique aspects of this setup were that neither chemicals nor external electricity were required to run the system. The elevated chloride concentration of the treated WW (819 ± 132 mg/L) proved sufficient for the production of chlorine stock solution. However, the solar-driven OCG system tested here consumed considerably more electricity compared to other OCGs available on the market. Nevertheless, the system presented here may be considered an efficient disinfection alternative for decentralized WW reuse applications at remote sites with both limited access to grid electricity and strict requirements for pathogen indicators.

ACS Style

Philipp Otter; Stefan Hertel; Jubin Ansari; Enrique Lara; Raul Cano; Carlos Arias; Peder Gregersen; Thomas Grischek; Florian Benz; Alexander Goldmaier; Juan Antonio Alvarez. Disinfection for decentralized wastewater reuse in rural areas through wetlands and solar driven onsite chlorination. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 721, 137595 .

AMA Style

Philipp Otter, Stefan Hertel, Jubin Ansari, Enrique Lara, Raul Cano, Carlos Arias, Peder Gregersen, Thomas Grischek, Florian Benz, Alexander Goldmaier, Juan Antonio Alvarez. Disinfection for decentralized wastewater reuse in rural areas through wetlands and solar driven onsite chlorination. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 721 ():137595.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Philipp Otter; Stefan Hertel; Jubin Ansari; Enrique Lara; Raul Cano; Carlos Arias; Peder Gregersen; Thomas Grischek; Florian Benz; Alexander Goldmaier; Juan Antonio Alvarez. 2020. "Disinfection for decentralized wastewater reuse in rural areas through wetlands and solar driven onsite chlorination." Science of The Total Environment 721, no. : 137595.

Journal article
Published: 11 January 2019 in Water
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The supply of safe drinking water in rural developing areas is still a matter of concern, especially if surface water, shallow wells, and wells with non-watertight headworks are sources for drinking water. Continuously changing raw water conditions, flood and extreme rainfall events, anthropogenic pollution, and lacking electricity supply in developing regions require new and adapted solutions to treat and render water safe for distribution. This paper presents the findings of a pilot test conducted in Uttarakhand, India, where a river bank filtration (RBF) well was combined with a solar-driven and online-monitored electro-chlorination system, treating fecal-contaminated Ganga River water. While the RBF well provided nearly turbidity- and pathogen-free water as well as buffered fluctuations in source water qualities, the electro-chlorination system provided disinfection based on the inline conversion of chloride to hypochlorous acid. The conducted sampling campaigns provided complete disinfection (>6.7 log) and the adequate supply of residual disinfectant (0.27 ± 0.17 mg/L). The system could be further optimized to local conditions and allows the supply of microbial-safe water for river bound communities, even during monsoon periods and under the low natural chloride regimes typical for this region.

ACS Style

Philipp Otter; Pradyut Malakar; Cornelius Sandhu; Thomas Grischek; Sudhir Kumar Sharma; Prakash Chandra Kimothi; Gabriele Nüske; Martin Wagner; Alexander Goldmaier; Florian Benz. Combination of River Bank Filtration and Solar-driven Electro-Chlorination Assuring Safe Drinking Water Supply for River Bound Communities in India. Water 2019, 11, 122 .

AMA Style

Philipp Otter, Pradyut Malakar, Cornelius Sandhu, Thomas Grischek, Sudhir Kumar Sharma, Prakash Chandra Kimothi, Gabriele Nüske, Martin Wagner, Alexander Goldmaier, Florian Benz. Combination of River Bank Filtration and Solar-driven Electro-Chlorination Assuring Safe Drinking Water Supply for River Bound Communities in India. Water. 2019; 11 (1):122.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Philipp Otter; Pradyut Malakar; Cornelius Sandhu; Thomas Grischek; Sudhir Kumar Sharma; Prakash Chandra Kimothi; Gabriele Nüske; Martin Wagner; Alexander Goldmaier; Florian Benz. 2019. "Combination of River Bank Filtration and Solar-driven Electro-Chlorination Assuring Safe Drinking Water Supply for River Bound Communities in India." Water 11, no. 1: 122.

Journal article
Published: 21 December 2018 in Water
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Natural water treatment techniques combined with engineered solutions were investigated at demonstration sites in Europe within the AquaNES project. Ultrafiltration is well-established in water treatment, but is not feasible for many water utilities due to its high operational costs compared to conventional treatment. These differences in cost are caused by membrane fouling and the associated cleaning required. This study aims to assess the economic and energetic operation factors based on studies of an out/in ultrafiltration treatment plant for river water and bank filtrate. The fouling potential of both raw water sources was investigated as well as the quality of the resulting water. In addition, the results show the potential utility of a combined approach utilizing bank filtration followed by ultrafiltration in drinking water treatment. In a separate consideration of the treatment process, the water quality does not fulfill the requirements of the German drinking water ordinance. A new method for the removal of dissolved manganese from the bank filtrate is presented by inline electrolysis. While this improves water quality, this also has a significant influence on fouling potential and, thus, on operating costs of ultrafiltration. These aspects lead to a fundamental decision for operators to choose between more costly ultrafiltration with enhanced microbiological safety compared to cost-effective but less stringent drinking water treatment via open filtration.

ACS Style

Robert Haas; Ruediger Opitz; Thomas Grischek; Philipp Otter. The AquaNES Project: Coupling Riverbank Filtration and Ultrafiltration in Drinking Water Treatment. Water 2018, 11, 18 .

AMA Style

Robert Haas, Ruediger Opitz, Thomas Grischek, Philipp Otter. The AquaNES Project: Coupling Riverbank Filtration and Ultrafiltration in Drinking Water Treatment. Water. 2018; 11 (1):18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robert Haas; Ruediger Opitz; Thomas Grischek; Philipp Otter. 2018. "The AquaNES Project: Coupling Riverbank Filtration and Ultrafiltration in Drinking Water Treatment." Water 11, no. 1: 18.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2018 in Water Practice and Technology
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The present study was conducted to treat primary and secondary treated sewage for its reuse in irrigation, soil enrichment and aquaculture activities. The study involves treatment of this sewage through a subsurface horizontal gravity-fed gravel filter bed with an area of 35 m2. The effluent was then subjected to filtration by zeolite medium and disinfection by inline electrolytic production of chlorine. In order to provide pathogen-free water, an anodic oxidation (AO) disinfection system was implemented, treating a flow of up to 10 m3/d. The gravity-driven constructed wetland and solar-driven disinfection systems were evaluated for their treatment capacity for various physico-chemical and biological parameters. The wetland removed almost 84% of the nitrate (NO3−) and 77% of the phosphate (PO43−). Five-day biological oxygen demand was reduced from 48 mg/l to 10 mg/l from the secondary treated wastewater. The wetland was able to remove 65–70% of bacteria in the wastewater, whereas the AO disinfection system removed the bacterial content to below the detection limit. The implementation of the systems will provide a suitable option for the treatment of wastewater in a very economical and sustainable way.

ACS Style

Virendra Kumar Mishra; Philipp Otter; Reetika Shukla; Alexander Goldmaier; J. A. Alvarez; Nadeem Khalil; Cristina Avila; Carlos Arias; Iztok Ameršek. Application of horizontal flow constructed wetland and solar driven disinfection technologies for wastewater treatment in India. Water Practice and Technology 2018, 13, 469 -480.

AMA Style

Virendra Kumar Mishra, Philipp Otter, Reetika Shukla, Alexander Goldmaier, J. A. Alvarez, Nadeem Khalil, Cristina Avila, Carlos Arias, Iztok Ameršek. Application of horizontal flow constructed wetland and solar driven disinfection technologies for wastewater treatment in India. Water Practice and Technology. 2018; 13 (3):469-480.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Virendra Kumar Mishra; Philipp Otter; Reetika Shukla; Alexander Goldmaier; J. A. Alvarez; Nadeem Khalil; Cristina Avila; Carlos Arias; Iztok Ameršek. 2018. "Application of horizontal flow constructed wetland and solar driven disinfection technologies for wastewater treatment in India." Water Practice and Technology 13, no. 3: 469-480.

Journal article
Published: 02 October 2017 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Arsenic contamination in drinking water resources is of major concern in the Ganga delta plains of West Bengal in India and Bangladesh. Here, several laboratory and field studies on arsenic removal from drinking water resources were conducted in the past and the application of strong-oxidant-induced co-precipitation of arsenic on iron hydroxides is still considered as the most promising mechanism. This paper suggests an autonomous, solar driven arsenic removal setting and presents the findings of a long term field test conducted in West Bengal. The system applies an inline-electrolytic cell for in situ chlorine production using the natural chloride content of the water and by that substituting the external dosing of strong oxidants. Co-precipitation of As(V) occurs on freshly formed iron hydroxide, which is removed by Manganese Greensand Plus® filtration. The test was conducted for ten months under changing source water conditions considering arsenic (187 ± 45 µg/L), iron (5.5 ± 0.8 mg/L), manganese (1.5 ± 0.4 mg/L), phosphate (2.4 ± 1.3 mg/L) and ammonium (1.4 ± 0.5 mg/L) concentrations. Depending on the system setting removal rates of 94% for arsenic (10 ± 4 µg/L), >99% for iron (0.03 ± 0.03 mg/L), 96% for manganese (0.06 ± 0.05 mg/L), 72% for phosphate (0.7 ± 0.3 mg/L) and 84% for ammonium (0.18 ± 0.12 mg/L) were achieved—without the addition of any chemicals/adsorbents. Loading densities of arsenic on iron hydroxides averaged to 31 µgAs/mgFe. As the test was performed under field conditions and the here proposed removal mechanisms work fully autonomously, it poses a technically feasible treatment alternative, especially for rural areas.

ACS Style

Philipp Otter; Pradyut Malakar; Bana Bihari Jana; Thomas Grischek; Florian Benz; Alexander Goldmaier; Ulrike Feistel; Joydev Jana; Susmita Lahiri; Juan Antonio Alvarez. Arsenic Removal from Groundwater by Solar Driven Inline-Electrolytic Induced Co-Precipitation and Filtration—A Long Term Field Test Conducted in West Bengal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2017, 14, 1167 .

AMA Style

Philipp Otter, Pradyut Malakar, Bana Bihari Jana, Thomas Grischek, Florian Benz, Alexander Goldmaier, Ulrike Feistel, Joydev Jana, Susmita Lahiri, Juan Antonio Alvarez. Arsenic Removal from Groundwater by Solar Driven Inline-Electrolytic Induced Co-Precipitation and Filtration—A Long Term Field Test Conducted in West Bengal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14 (10):1167.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Philipp Otter; Pradyut Malakar; Bana Bihari Jana; Thomas Grischek; Florian Benz; Alexander Goldmaier; Ulrike Feistel; Joydev Jana; Susmita Lahiri; Juan Antonio Alvarez. 2017. "Arsenic Removal from Groundwater by Solar Driven Inline-Electrolytic Induced Co-Precipitation and Filtration—A Long Term Field Test Conducted in West Bengal." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 10: 1167.

Journal article
Published: 23 May 2017 in Water Supply
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A novel treatment was tested with groundwater to investigate its arsenic removal under natural conditions. The system utilised in-line electrochlorination to oxidise water constituents without the need for external chemical supply. The oxidised arsenic and iron co-precipitated and were filtered via Greensand Plus™. The filter was catalytically active and provided an emergency oxidant. The system had only a few maintenance requirements due to online water quality monitoring. The contaminant removal during the field test in Costa Rica was impaired by strong fluctuations in water quality including low iron concentrations. However, the system removed on average 68% of the arsenic. Mean values of arsenic were 40 ± 23 μg/L in groundwater and 13 ± 6 μg/L in treated water. Iron was removed from an average of 2.8 ± 2.4 mg/L to 0.2 ± 0.2 mg/L (93% removal). Free chlorine produced and available in the treated water tank had a mean concentration of 1.25 mg/L and 0.64 mg/L, respectively.

ACS Style

Sylvie Kunz; Luis G. Romero-Esquivel; Philipp Otter; Ulrike Feistel; Thomas Grischek; Johnny Valverde-Cerdas; Jörg Feller. Treatment of arsenic-contaminated water using in-line electrolysis, co-precipitation and filtration in Costa Rica. Water Supply 2017, 18, 40 -48.

AMA Style

Sylvie Kunz, Luis G. Romero-Esquivel, Philipp Otter, Ulrike Feistel, Thomas Grischek, Johnny Valverde-Cerdas, Jörg Feller. Treatment of arsenic-contaminated water using in-line electrolysis, co-precipitation and filtration in Costa Rica. Water Supply. 2017; 18 (1):40-48.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sylvie Kunz; Luis G. Romero-Esquivel; Philipp Otter; Ulrike Feistel; Thomas Grischek; Johnny Valverde-Cerdas; Jörg Feller. 2017. "Treatment of arsenic-contaminated water using in-line electrolysis, co-precipitation and filtration in Costa Rica." Water Supply 18, no. 1: 40-48.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2016 in Journal of Water Process Engineering
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ACS Style

Ulrike Feistel; Philipp Otter; Sylvie Kunz; Thomas Grischek; Jörg Feller. Field tests of a small pilot plant for the removal of arsenic in groundwater using coagulation and filtering. Journal of Water Process Engineering 2016, 14, 77 -85.

AMA Style

Ulrike Feistel, Philipp Otter, Sylvie Kunz, Thomas Grischek, Jörg Feller. Field tests of a small pilot plant for the removal of arsenic in groundwater using coagulation and filtering. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2016; 14 ():77-85.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ulrike Feistel; Philipp Otter; Sylvie Kunz; Thomas Grischek; Jörg Feller. 2016. "Field tests of a small pilot plant for the removal of arsenic in groundwater using coagulation and filtering." Journal of Water Process Engineering 14, no. : 77-85.