Chloroplast genome analysis provides crucial insights into plant evolution, classification, and conservation strategies. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of chloroplast genome architecture, gene content, and evolutionary relationships among five species of Lamiaceae (Lavandula angustifolia, Mentha × piperita, Ocimum × africanum, Salvia japonica, and Thymus serpyllum). Complete chloroplast genome sequences were retrieved from the NCBI database and analyzed using a systematic bioinformatics pipeline. Genome annotation was performed using Geneious Prime software, while repetitive sequence analysis was conducted using Tandem Repeats Finder. Phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed using MEGA software, implementing both the DualBrothers model and Neighbor-Joining method. The analyzed genomes exhibited the characteristic quadripartite structure, with sizes ranging from 152,048 to 153,995 base pairs and GC content between 37.8 and 38.0%. Each genome contained 131–134 genes, including 50 protein-coding sequences, 8 rRNA genes, and 37 tRNA genes. Comparative analysis revealed region-specific GC content variations, with IR regions showing the highest (43.0–43.4%), followed by LSC (35.9–36.2%) and SSC regions (31.6–32.1%). Codon usage analysis demonstrated a significant bias toward T/C-ending codons, particularly TTT, AAA, and AAT, correlating with the high AT content. Notable variations were observed at the LSC/IR/SSC junction regions, attributed to IR expansion and contraction. Molecular clock analyses indicated consistent evolutionary rates across the studied species. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular evolution of Lamiaceae chloroplast genomes and establish a foundation for future research in plant molecular biology, systematic studies, and conservation efforts.

Coriandrum sativum L., Umbelliferae / Apiaceae ailesine ait uçucu yağ dahil olmak üzere tıbbi bitki olarak kullanılan bir baharat bitkisidir. Farklı kısımlarındaki çeşitli kimyasal bileşenleri, antibakteriyel, antifungal ve antioksidatif olarak kullanışlıdır. Dolayısıyla gıdaların bozulmasını önleyerek raf ömrünün uzatılmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Kişnişin yaprak ve tohumları çoğunlukla geleneksel tedavide kullanılır ve uçucu yağları insanlar için toksik olmaması nedeniyle farmasötik ürünler ve parfüm bileşenlerinde yer alır. Kişniş, moleküler olarak yeterince tanımlanmamıştır. Kişniş ıslah çalışmalarıyla genetik olarak tek düze Coriandrum sativum L çeşitlerine ulaşılabilecektir. Kabul edilebilir Genotipler, germplazmdaki genetik değişkenlik miktarıyla belirlenir ve kişniş için kullanılabilir bilgiler sınırlıdır. Genetik farklılığının belirlenmesinin çalışılması ve ıslah programlarında uygun genotip kullanımının öneminin vurgulanması, kişnişteki genetik tabanı genişletmek için gereklidir. Bu çalışmada; bazı Türk kişniş çeşitleri arasındaki genetik varyasyonlar iki farklı markör tekniği kullanılarak (ISSR ve SRAP) DNA düzeyinde araştırılmış ve ticareti yapılan bu çeşitler arasındaki genetik ilişkinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Her iki primer toplam 473 skorlanabilir bant vermiş ve her markörden elde edilen sonuçlar genotipler arasındaki filogenetik ilişkileri göstermiştir.

Türkiye is one of the world's nations with the greatest flora diversity in different plants. Moreover, it possesses a high level of plant genetic diversity. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is one of the most important fodder species used during cool seasons since it is a hardy and perennial plant. The identification of Orchardgrass cultivars is essential for maximizing cultivar utilization, and safeguarding breeders' intellectual property. Dactylis glomerata L. is an allogamous, variable, monospecific genus with multiple subspecies distinguished by morphology, chromosomal count, and distribution. This genus has a single species, Dactylis glomerata L, which is comprised of multiple subspecies whose traits have not been exhaustively characterized. Using DNA assays that evaluated the transferability of nine SSR primers designed for wheat loci, the genetic diversity of 44 orchardgrass genotypes from eight naturally distributed locales in the Eastern Anatolia Area of Türkiye was calculated. On average, 6.78 alleles were discovered for each of the nine SSR primers, for a total of 61 alleles. A total of 54 polymorphic alleles were identified, with an average of 6.78 per primer. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.320 (WMC96) to 0.626% (XBARC187). The average polymorphism rate of 88.89% suggests a high amount of genetic diversity among all studied genotypes. The average expected heterozygosity (He) ranged between 0.178 (Ağrı) to 0.882 (Erzurum). The genetic separation ranged from 0.01 to 0.66. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the Dactylis glomerata L genotypes gathered in Eastern Anatolia are a rich source of genetic variability, supplying a vast array of genetic material for orchardgrass breeding efforts.

Understanding genetic relationships and diversity among species is crucial for unraveling evolutionary processes, ecological interactions, and conservation strategies. DNA sequence analysis serves as a powerful tool in this endeavor. This study focuses on the Thymus genus, a collection of notable species, to investigate its genetic framework. Leveraging DNA sequences from key regions (matK, rbcL, and psbA-trnH), we aim to elucidate genetic connections within the Thymus genus and uncover mechanisms driving its diversity. The Thymus genus, with its diverse species and ecological characteristics, provides a captivating platform for genetic exploration. Through DNA sequence analysis, we aim to unveil genetic interconnections, biodiversity patterns, and the factors shaping the genus's evolution. Our findings are aligned with previous studies, and this consistency highlights the presence of polymorphism within potential sequences. Employing coding loci and spacer regions, our study contributes to Lamiaceae family barcoding research. Despite variations across gene regions, the concatenation of sequences enhances result reliability. We analyzed the suitability of matK, rbcL, and psbA sequences for Thymus identification, observing rbcL and psbA outperforming matK. Our novel approach, rooted in chloroplast DNA, presents a promising method for species discernment. By analyzing multiple chloroplast gene regions, this technique offers a fresh perspective on genetic affinity assessment using DNA barcodes. In conclusion, this study not only contributes to Thymus germplasm resource preservation but also exemplifies a novel approach to discerning Thymus species through DNA analysis. This methodology carries the potential for broader application, enriching our understanding of genetic relationships and diversity in the plant kingdom.