Similar to many other plant-based products, strawberries are susceptible to fungal diseases caused by various pathogen groups. In recent years, efforts have been made to combat these diseases using biological control methods, particularly the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This study aimed to determine the effects of AMF (Funneliformis mosseae (Fm) and Gigaspora margarita (Gm)) on Rhizoctonia fragariae (Rf), Fusarium oxysporum (Fo), and Alternaria alternata (Aa), which are major pathogens for strawberry. The results showed that the effects of AMF on disease severity and plant growth varied depending on the pathogens involved. Rf caused the highest disease severity, followed by Fo and Aa, but all AMF treatments significantly reduced the disease severity compared to control treatments. The study also found that the specific AMF species and their combinations influenced plant growth responses under different pathogenic conditions. Different AMF treatments resulted in varying increases in plant fresh weight, dry weight, and length, depending on the pathogen. Moreover, the application of AMF led to increased levels of total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and phosphorus content in pathogen-infected plants compared to control treatments. Fm was more efficient than Gm in increasing these biochemical parameters. The levels of root colonization by AMF were similar among different AMF treatments, but the effects on fungal spore density varied depending on the pathogen. Some AMF treatments increased fungal spore density, while others did not show significant differences. In conclusion, our research sheds light on the differential effects of AMF species on disease severity, plant growth, and biochemical parameters in strawberry plants facing diverse pathogens. These findings underscore the potential benefits of AMF in disease management, as they reduce disease severity and bolster plant growth and defense mechanisms.

Two major challenges in the modern world are ensuring food security and using sustainability in limited areas, in the face of climate change and population growth. It is aimed to raise awareness on the importance of working from a multidisciplinary perspective, together with developing technology and science, in solving current problems/troubles, and that the simultaneous use of modern bio-based technologies with innovative techniques will ensure an effective role in overcoming many difficulties that future generations will face, as well as sustainability can be achieved. The review provides a detailed systematic review and analysis of the mutually supportive use of modern bio-based technologies and sustainable agricultural system technologies within the framework of this subject. The review, in which universally reliable databases were used, was carried out using information obtained from practice and approach-based articles (> 4000). The fact that the main topic has the lowest publication content in terms of "sustainability and biotechnology" according to the analysis carried out within the determined keywords indicates the need for additional research and applications and to contribute to the literature. Similar to review aim, it has also been concluded that the development of a multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary perspective that provides a comprehensive and broader focus on eliminating the deficiencies in the fields will play a major role in solving problems related to the sustainability of food safety and security. Thus, contributing to the protection of world food security should be considered as another important outcome that should not be forgotten. In short, being aware that the world, especially its resources, are not infinite and for the continuity of healthy generations, the sustainability of the world, food and agriculture, food safety and security must be meticulously protected, developed with innovative technologies and also carried a step forward by developing more effective strategies in this field of work, which is of great importance for life.

Both biotic and abiotic stress factors play an important role in reducing the growth and productivity of many crops. In this study, the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and biochar (Bc) were investigated against Verticillium dahliae (Vd) disease in pepper plants grown under salt stress. These effects were evaluated on enzyme activities, salt tolerance, disease severity, plant growth and physiological characteristics. In this study, pepper was treated with 2% biochar, Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), Vd and different concentrations of salt (0 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM, 150 mM). The interaction of Fm and 2% Bc significantly increased the morphological parameters of the plant and the plant tolerated salt and Vd under combined high stress conditions of biotic (Vd) and abiotic (salt) stresses. It was also shown that Fm had a different effect than Bc on the membrane injury index (MII; %) and had a significant effect on leaf relative water content (LRWC; %). In addition, Vd increased mycorrhizal reliance, with the higher spore density of AMF higher disease severity observed in treatments involving Fm and Fm + Bc. Furthermore, phenol and antioxidant values were altered in Vd treatments, while Fm decreased CAT enzyme activation. Therefore, this study supports that AMF + biochar used in sustainable agriculture increases plant resistance to the soil pathogen (V. dahliae) and the salt stresses.

Bu çalışma, bahsedilen familyalara ait bazı bitki türlerinin [Raphanus sativus (turp), Brassica oleracea (karnabahar), Spinacia oleracea (ıspanak) ve Urtica dioica (ısırgan otu)] ticari AMF, Glomus intraradices, Gigaspora margarita AMF türleri ile olan etkileşimini belirlemek amacıyla iklim odasında kontrollü koşullarda, tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre kurulmuştur. Deneme sonunda AMF kök kolonizasyonu, mikorhizal bağımlılık, topraktaki spor yoğunluğu, fosfor (P) miktarı belirlenmiş ve bitki gelişim parametreleri değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen verilere göre söz konusu bitki türlerinin (ısırgan otu hariç) AMF ile simbiyotik ilişki kurduğu belirlenmiştir. En yüksek AMF kök kolonizasyonu ve mikorhizal bağımlılık oranı ıspanak x ticari AMF kombinasyonunda tespit edilmiştir. Ticari AMF’nin karnabahar ve ıspanak bitkileriyle mikorhizal uyum ve gelişme açısından diğer bitkilere göre daha iyi performans gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Mikorhizal bağımlılığı en düşük AMF Gigaspora margarita olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca toplam fosfor içeriği açısından, deneme kapsamındaki tüm bitkilerde mikorhizal olan ve mikorhizal olmayanlar arasında istatistiki olarak önemli fark bulunmamıştır.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of some plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) formation on [Brassica oleracea (cauliflower), Spinacia oleracea (spinach) ,and Urtica urens (stinging nettle)] belonging to Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Urticaceae families, which are known to have a negative influence on the symbiotic life formation with AMF. Two PGPR isolates that contributed to the plant's growth and served as a “mycorrhizal helper” in various hosts were predetermined at the initial stage; then they were applied to three plant species with AMF species [Gigaspora margarita and commercial AMF (ERS)]. The obtained results revealed that combined AMF x PGPR treatments improved the growth and morphological development parameters of cauliflower, spinach, and nettle plants. PGPR bacteria had different effects on AMF root colonization depending on the plant species. The highest root colonization rate was achieved in spinach plants with the commercial AMF treatments. Commercial AMF isolate, alone or in combination with PGPR strains, was also found to increase AMF spore density and mycorrhizal dependency in cauliflower and spinach plants. There was no significant difference in total phosphorus content in cauliflower and nettle compared to the control group, and only one application group (G. margarita x PGPR) in spinach plants had an increase in phosphorus content.