European wild carnations (Dianthus) are represented by a high number of taxa organized in unresolved taxonomies. In particular, taxa belonging to the Dianthus virgineus L. complex in the Central Mediterranean have been delimited mainly with qualitative morphological data and still await quantitative investigations, which are vital to understand boundaries and relations among plant diversity groups. Here, we examine the phenotypic features of nuclear genome organization testing for species boundaries in this complex. We have studied the chromosome number, the total haploid length (THL), and the relative genome size (RGS) in 122 populations belonging to 25 out of 33 taxa of the complex. All the studied populations have 2n = 2x = 30 chromosomes, and the THL ranges from 14.09 to 20.71 μm. Genome size estimations support the absence of polyploidization events, but show a certain degree of variation (0.318–0.423 arbitrary units). The RGS variation is not in agreement with current taxonomic treatment, but rather shows a geographical pattern, with higher values in Sicily and Sardinia. No correlation between the THL and the RGS was detected, possibly due to the stable chromosome number and the small size of chromosomes. A number of evolutionary unique groups lower than the number of currently accepted taxa may be hypothesized.

Dianthus virgineus encompasses a very complex taxonomic group (traditionally called D. sylvestris group) including an array of units of doubtful taxonomic rank and value. Recent work identified three genetic lineages within this complex that showed strong genetic isolation, and clear geographical boundaries (i.e., “Alpine”, “Balkan”, and “Apennine” lineages). We evaluated the contribution of 33 morphological characters in differentiating such genetic units, by also investigating the effect of geographical and ecological drivers on the characters showing major discriminating power. The morphological measures were taken from a large number of populations (N = 97) included in the sample used for detecting the three genetic lineages. Our work reveals that these lineages can be morphologically discriminated by a series of character‐states that are traditionally considered of relevant taxonomical value. We also inferred a significant geographical and ecological effect on most characters, which varied gradually with latitude, longitude, and mean annual temperature. Overall, our data suggest that the three biological units can be referred to D. inodorus (L.) Gaertn. (“Alpine” lineage), D. sylvestris Wulfen (“Balkan” lineage), and D. virgineus L. s.str. (“Apennine” lineage). We also provide an identification key to discriminate these three taxa.

Scientific research is the main driver to push forward and disseminate botanical knowledge. Despite many institutions having this fundamental aim as a core activity, many of them do not have a complete set of facilities, expertise, staff, and resources to cover all the steps involved in the study, management, conservation, and popularization of plant diversity. Accordingly, we propose a workflow formalizing the cooperation between a botanical garden and a botanical research center, focused on the study of plant endemic species. Specifically, the cooperation was implemented between the PLANTSEED Lab of the Department of Biology and the Botanic Garden and Museum of the University of Pisa. We present seven representative case studies (Armeria arenaria complex, Bellevalia webbiana, Crocus etruscus and C. ilvensis, Dianthus virgineus complex, Pulmonaria hirta complex, and Santolina chamaecyparissus complex) to disentangle the approaches and opportunities arising from cooperative approaches, from laboratory to cultivation. We analyze the emerging properties derived from this synergistic cooperation by promoting open research questions and answering them using a comprehensive approach to improving endemic plant species research, conservation, and popularization in the botanical garden. In this manuscript, we show how a cooperative approach between heterogeneous botanical institutions can constitute an effective and easy-to-implement approach to achieve the goals of each partner involved in the cooperation.

We present the first vascular flora of the municipality of Pisa. The floristic inventory was built on previous literature and field observations deposited in the online database Wikiplantbase #Toscana, integrated by observations from iNaturalist. The established flora of Pisa includes a total of 1404 specific and subspecific taxa (594 genera, 123 families), out of which 112 are alien species. Silene subconica is excluded from the regional flora of Tuscany, while Solanum nitidibaccatum is reported as a new regional casual alien, and the regional alien status of Salpichroa origanifolia shifts from naturalized to invasive. Native taxa exceed species-area predictions by 33.3%, attesting for a high floristic richness, and there are taxa of high biogeographical and conservation interest. However, also alien taxa exceed predictions by 34.9%, and there are many invasive species, pointing out a high anthropogenic impact in the territory of Pisa, mostly due to urbanization. The biological and chorological spectra reflect the coexistence of typical Mediterranean and central European habitats in this territory, especially within the Migliarino–San Rossore–Massaciuccoli Regional Park. The vascular flora of the municipality is quite rich, although threatened by anthropic pressures, fostering the arrival and establishment of invasive alien species.

Defining species boundaries within plant groups distributed along wide elevational and geographic gradients may lead to unstable taxonomic delimitations using morphological data only. Within the taxonomically challenging genus Dianthus, through an integrative approach we tested the taxonomic value of D. brachycalyx, a putative species endemic to mountain peaks of the central‐southern Apennines, with respect to the widespread central‐Mediterranean D. virgineus. We measured 30 morphological characters in 452 individuals from 25 populations and obtained 3202 single nucleotide polymorphisms using ddRAD‐seq techniques in 394 individuals from 36 populations. For climatic niche comparison, we built a dataset of 348 occurrence points. By comparing morphometric, genetic, and climatic niche data, we showed that D. brachycalyx cannot be considered a distinct species. Morphometric separation between the two species is detectable, but high‐elevation populations of D. virgineus are similar to D. brachycalyx. Genetic analyses revealed that the genetic structure of populations of D. brachycalyx and D. virgineus is mainly shaped by isolation‐by‐distance, irrespective of their taxonomic attribution. The climatic niches of the two species are overlapping, and the niche differences are just due to different availability of climatic conditions in their ranges. Accordingly, multiple lines of evidence do not support a separation of D. brachycalyx from D. virgineus, and the former should be considered a heterotypic synonym of the latter.

In this contribution, new data concerning the distribution of vascular flora alien to Italy are presented. It includes new records and status changes from casual to naturalized for Italy or for Italian administrative regions for taxa in the genera Callianthe, Chamaecyparis, Chamaeiris, Cotoneaster, Erigeron, Freesia, Hemerocallis, Juglans, Kalanchoë, Ludwigia, Nassella, Paulownia, Physocarpus, Pistia, Saccharum, Setaria, and Vachellia. Nomenclatural and distribution updates, published elsewhere, and corrections are provided as supplementary material.