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Christine Arhant
University of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Welfare Science, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Wien, Austria

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Journal article
Published: 10 June 2021 in Applied Animal Behaviour Science
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Chewing is a behavioural element of feeding, but dogs also chew on or dissect non-edible items. This can cause considerable problems to owners if directed at household objects. Nevertheless, the provision of chewing material, associated risks and relationships with chewing behaviour and other owner-dog activities have not been investigated so far. The aim of this online survey was to explore how dog owners manage the chewing behaviour of their dog and whether there are relationships to other owner-dog interactions. Of our self-selected participants (1439 filled in the entire questionnaire), 94 % provided their dogs with edible chewing material (e.g., rawhide, dried innards, meat), 83 % provided inedible chew toys, 73 % provided chew toys filled with food and 51 % provided hard chewing material (e.g. wood, antlers). Edible materials were provided four to six times a week by the average dog owner. Regarding risks, 67 % of respondents stated that their dog never had a problem caused by the use of chewing material, whereas veterinary treatment due to a problem with chewing material was reported by 3.6 %. Chewing daily on soft household objects was observed in 2.5 % of dogs (other common objects for daily chewing: resting places 2.2 %, clothes/shoes 1.4 %); dogs up to one year of age did this more frequently (p < 0.001). Chewing on objects was not substantially related to reported motivation of the dog to play or the frequency of activities with the dog (all rs < 0.2), but was reported to occur in contexts that may cause negative emotional states such as leaving the dog alone (rs = 0.63, p < 0.001) or changes in routine activities (rs = 0.47, p < 0.001). The average reported frequency of provision of chewing material correlated positively (rs ≥ 0.2) with motivation of the dog to play, chewing on objects, human-dog play and calm activities such as petting. Dog owners think that chewing material is important for puppies and even more for adult dogs (p < 0.001). However, it remains to be investigated how motivated dogs are for chewing on different types of materials and whether chewing, as proposed by dog professionals, reduces stress. This seems particularly important for assessing the trade-off between risks and benefits of different chewing materials and its impact on dog welfare.

ACS Style

Christine Arhant; Rebecca Winkelmann; Josef Troxler. Chewing behaviour in dogs – a survey-based exploratory study. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2021, 241, 105372 .

AMA Style

Christine Arhant, Rebecca Winkelmann, Josef Troxler. Chewing behaviour in dogs – a survey-based exploratory study. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2021; 241 ():105372.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Arhant; Rebecca Winkelmann; Josef Troxler. 2021. "Chewing behaviour in dogs – a survey-based exploratory study." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 241, no. : 105372.

Journal article
Published: 05 February 2021 in Animals
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Reading books to shelter animals combining auditory enrichment with human presence is increasingly used although its effects on animal welfare have not yet been investigated. This study compared the behaviour of single-housed shelter dogs and cats during a prerecorded reading condition in the absence or presence of an unfamiliar human (without direct physical contact). Fourteen dogs and twenty-one cats were observed in their enclosure in the two conditions in a counterbalanced order. Behaviours such as scratching the door, gaze direction and location in relation to the audio source/human were analysed from video recording for 10 min per condition. Dogs spent more time in their bed (p < 0.047) and looking at the auditory source (p < 0.004) when a human was present. Cats showed door scratching and rubbing when a human was present (p < 0.043), whereas they tended to spend more time in the vertical dimension (p = 0.051), where the hiding boxes were located, during auditory stimulation without a human present. These results show that the presence of a human induces greater interest compared to just audio stimulation in shelter dogs and cats but may induce frustration likely due to not being able to physically interact in some animals.

ACS Style

Adele Tuozzi; Christine Arhant; Kristina Anderle; Jessica Backes; Catherine Cords; Viola Magierski; Jean-Loup Rault; Ines Windschnurer. Effects of Human Presence and Voice on the Behaviour of Shelter Dogs and Cats: A Preliminary Study. Animals 2021, 11, 406 .

AMA Style

Adele Tuozzi, Christine Arhant, Kristina Anderle, Jessica Backes, Catherine Cords, Viola Magierski, Jean-Loup Rault, Ines Windschnurer. Effects of Human Presence and Voice on the Behaviour of Shelter Dogs and Cats: A Preliminary Study. Animals. 2021; 11 (2):406.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adele Tuozzi; Christine Arhant; Kristina Anderle; Jessica Backes; Catherine Cords; Viola Magierski; Jean-Loup Rault; Ines Windschnurer. 2021. "Effects of Human Presence and Voice on the Behaviour of Shelter Dogs and Cats: A Preliminary Study." Animals 11, no. 2: 406.

Journal article
Published: 15 January 2021 in Animals
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To identify characteristics that distinguish long-term (LT: stay > 1 year) from short-term shelter dogs (ST: ≤5 months) and to investigate if a long-term stay impairs welfare, we compared ST and LT dogs in Austrian no-kill shelters. Analyses including characteristics such as breed, sex, or age (shelter records), problem behaviour, and personality (questionnaires completed by staff) showed that LT dogs were significantly more often a “dangerous breed”, male, and older when admitted to the shelter. They were rated higher on “aggression” and “high arousal” and lower on the personality dimension “amicability”. A welfare assessment protocol including reaction toward humans (Shelter Quality Protocol), and in-kennel observations were used to assess the effect of the long-term stay. LT dogs tended to show more signs of aggression toward an unfamiliar human, but welfare assessment revealed no difference. During resting periods, LT dogs spent more time resting head up and had more bouts resting head down. Prior to feeding, they stood, vocalised, and yawned more. LT dogs are characterised by specific features such as being aroused easily and having difficulties to relax. Whether this is a result of the long-term stay or personality-associated, consequently causing lower adoption rates, remains to be determined.

ACS Style

Christina Raudies; Susanne Waiblinger; Christine Arhant. Characteristics and Welfare of Long-Term Shelter Dogs. Animals 2021, 11, 194 .

AMA Style

Christina Raudies, Susanne Waiblinger, Christine Arhant. Characteristics and Welfare of Long-Term Shelter Dogs. Animals. 2021; 11 (1):194.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christina Raudies; Susanne Waiblinger; Christine Arhant. 2021. "Characteristics and Welfare of Long-Term Shelter Dogs." Animals 11, no. 1: 194.

Review
Published: 12 January 2021 in Animals
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A high proportion of dogs and cats are fearful during veterinary visits, which in some cases may escalate into aggression. Here, we discuss factors that contribute to negative emotions in a veterinary setting and how these can be addressed. We briefly summarise the available evidence for the interventions discussed. The set-up of the waiting area (e.g., spatial dividers; elevated places for cat carriers), tailoring the examination and the treatment to the individual, considerate handling (minimal restraint when possible, avoiding leaning over or cornering animals) and offering high-value food or toys throughout the visit can promote security and, ideally, positive associations. Desensitisation and counterconditioning are highly recommended, both to prevent and address existing negative emotions. Short-term pain from injections can be minimised by using tactile and cognitive distractions and topical analgesics, which are also indicated for painful procedures such as ear cleanings. Recommendations for handling fearful animals to minimise aggressive responses are discussed. However, anxiolytics or sedation should be used whenever there is a risk of traumatising an animal or for safety reasons. Stress-reducing measures can decrease fear and stress in patients and consequently their owners, thus strengthening the relationship with the clients as well as increasing the professional satisfaction of veterinary staff.

ACS Style

Stefanie Riemer; Carmen Heritier; Ines Windschnurer; Lydia Pratsch; Christine Arhant; Nadja Affenzeller. A Review on Mitigating Fear and Aggression in Dogs and Cats in a Veterinary Setting. Animals 2021, 11, 158 .

AMA Style

Stefanie Riemer, Carmen Heritier, Ines Windschnurer, Lydia Pratsch, Christine Arhant, Nadja Affenzeller. A Review on Mitigating Fear and Aggression in Dogs and Cats in a Veterinary Setting. Animals. 2021; 11 (1):158.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stefanie Riemer; Carmen Heritier; Ines Windschnurer; Lydia Pratsch; Christine Arhant; Nadja Affenzeller. 2021. "A Review on Mitigating Fear and Aggression in Dogs and Cats in a Veterinary Setting." Animals 11, no. 1: 158.

Journal article
Published: 30 July 2020 in Journal of Veterinary Behavior
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Specific situations and legal requirements in some countries require dogs to wear a muzzle on a regular basis. Ongoing discussions within different national authorities are trying to balance the safety of the public against welfare of dogs when being walked. However, detailed information on ideal type of muzzle, muzzle fit, introduction techniques to wearing a muzzle and effects of muzzle use on the physical condition and behavior on dogs is very limited. Hence, this study collected data via an online survey on frequency and circumstances of muzzle use and observed effects on dogs when wearing a muzzle by also incorporating training techniques and muzzle type used. Of 1,862 respondents, only 21.6% indicated their dog never wears a muzzle (average age: 5.8 ± 3.6 years). Around half of the owners stated that their dog wears a muzzle only when mandatory by legislation (47.8%) and/or when necessary to prevent a bite (47.5%). Public transport and crowded public places were situations, where muzzles were employed most often. While basket type muzzles (made of BioThane, plastic, wire) were used most often, only 71.3% reported a fit not clearly impairing dog welfare. Muzzle introduction technique (habituation, short training, intense training, no preparation) used, significantly impacted on adverse behaviors observed when wearing a muzzle for the first time, and on ongoing behavior when muzzled such as trying to pull the muzzle off, rubbing the nose against objects or freezing behavior. Using food during muzzle training significantly decreased levels of passive avoidance during fastening and increased the likelihood of dogs actively putting their nose into the muzzle. Negative effects on behavior when wearing a muzzle were reported by 19.6% of owners and labelled with the terms ‘insecure, apathetic, dull, passive, distressed, anxious, unwell, agitated, nervous, tense, sad or miserable’. Changes in dog behavior were perceived as an advantage with respect to inability to access food (41.9%) and when used for veterinary visits (30.9%). Observed physical damage of either fur or skin, effects on thermoregulation, the ocular or gastrointestinal tract were reported by 161 (12.9%) owners. The results of this survey indicate a need to educate dog owners on muzzle fit and training protocols to reduce negative effects on dog welfare. In addition, potential alterations in intraspecies communication, other social behaviors and welfare need to be explored in more detail.

ACS Style

Christine Arhant; Claudia Schmied-Wagner; Ursula Aigner; Nadja Affenzeller. Owner reports on the use of muzzles and their effects on dogs: an online survey. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 2020, 41, 73 -81.

AMA Style

Christine Arhant, Claudia Schmied-Wagner, Ursula Aigner, Nadja Affenzeller. Owner reports on the use of muzzles and their effects on dogs: an online survey. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 2020; 41 ():73-81.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Arhant; Claudia Schmied-Wagner; Ursula Aigner; Nadja Affenzeller. 2020. "Owner reports on the use of muzzles and their effects on dogs: an online survey." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 41, no. : 73-81.

Preprint
Published: 12 November 2019
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Interactive games may boost positive well-being by combining the benefits of rewards with cognitive and social enrichment. While a gradual introduction to the game can promote greater learning and skill, a hasty introduction can lead to low success and frustration. Here, we examine two methods of introducing an interactive game to dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) to test whether they elicit differences in success rate, stress-related behavior, and autonomic regulation of the heart.Twenty-eight dogs living in shelters were given the opportunity to play with an interactive game that consists of four boxes with different opening mechanisms. Dogs were introduced to the interactive game in one of two ways: gradually vs hastily. Gradual introduction consisted of allowing the dog to first play a partial (2 out of 4 boxes) version of the game with a human experimenter demonstrating the opening mechanism of the boxes twice, followed by exposure to the complete game. Hasty introduction consisted of the same procedures but presented in a different order, with the complete game presented before the partial version. Dog behavior was obtained via video recordings and pre- and post-game mean HR, RMSSD, SDNN, RMSSD/SDNN ratio were assessed using R-R intervals obtained with a Polar heart rate monitor (RS800CX). Linear mixed effects analyses (LMM) were calculated for success and behavior component scores and for change from pre- to post-game period in HR & HRV variables. In addition, HR and HRV parameters were analyzed with Pearson correlations.Dogs introduced to the game in a gradual manner had a significantly higher rate of success compared to dogs introduced in a hasty manner (LMM: p < 0.001). Dogs introduced to the game gradually also displayed less stress related-behavior, e.g. displaying lower scores for the arousal (p < 0.001) and displacement (p < 0.001) components. Correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between HR and RMSSD during baseline in all dogs (pre-game, day 1: gradual: r = −0.52; hasty: r = −0.72) that gradually transformed into a strong positive correlation in the gradual introduction group (post-game, day 2: r = 0.78), whereas it remained negative over all evaluation periods in the hasty introduction group (post-game, day 2: r = −0.83).Overall, our findings on success rate, dog behavior, and HR/HRV suggest that the way a moderately difficult game is introduced plays a major role in determining how the experience of game play is perceived. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that gradual introduction including demonstration promotes an enjoyable experience characterized by greater likelihood of reward, less stress-related behavior, and a physiological profile that may involve activation of both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. We suggest that this may be a physiologic signature of successful achievement and that a learning experience in which skills are balanced against...

ACS Style

Christine Arhant; Bernadette Altrichter; Sandra Lehenbauer; Susanne Waiblinger; Claudia Schmied-Wagner; Jason Richard Yee. Balancing skill against difficulty - behavior, heart rate and heart rate variability of shelter dogs during two different introductions of an interactive game. 2019, 838524 .

AMA Style

Christine Arhant, Bernadette Altrichter, Sandra Lehenbauer, Susanne Waiblinger, Claudia Schmied-Wagner, Jason Richard Yee. Balancing skill against difficulty - behavior, heart rate and heart rate variability of shelter dogs during two different introductions of an interactive game. . 2019; ():838524.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Arhant; Bernadette Altrichter; Sandra Lehenbauer; Susanne Waiblinger; Claudia Schmied-Wagner; Jason Richard Yee. 2019. "Balancing skill against difficulty - behavior, heart rate and heart rate variability of shelter dogs during two different introductions of an interactive game." , no. : 838524.

Journal article
Published: 29 January 2019 in Journal of Veterinary Behavior
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The veterinary profession is an ambassador for the welfare of animals, but the visit to a veterinary practice is in itself stressful for many animals. A multitude of recommendations how to reduce stress during a visit to the veterinarian is available but they are often not implemented in practice. Therefore, the aim of this study was to survey veterinarians and veterinary students regarding their attitudes towards recommendations to improve cat and dog welfare in veterinary practice. We conducted two similar online surveys asking veterinarians and veterinary students to rate 20 statements about pet-friendly handling and practice environment and other measures to improve animal welfare on a scale ranging from 1 to 6 regarding their importance for animal welfare and their feasibility in practice. Single items were averaged to overall importance and feasibility scores. These scores as well as single items were compared between veterinarians and veterinary students using Mann-Whitney U tests. In general, the rating of importance was high and the overall score did not differ between veterinarians (N = 342) and veterinary students (N = 258) after correction for multiple testing (mean ± SD: 5±0.63 vs. 4.93±0.51, p = 0.046). The recommendations rated as most important were ‘Dog ward: possibility to urinate/defecate at least three times a day’, ‘Separate cats from dogs during hospitalization’ and ‘Cat ward: provide hiding possibility’. Regarding feasibility, veterinarians had higher overall scores than students (4.82±0.65 vs. 4.62±0.48, p < 0.001). The rating of 9 single items was higher than that of veterinary students (p ≤ 0.001). Higher feasibility ratings in students were only found for the items ‘Advise owner on how to reduce stress during transport’, ‘Use muzzle training with dogs and advise owner on how to do it’ and ‘Report animal abuse to the authorities’. The items ‘Separate cats from dogs in waiting room’ (3.63±1.54), ‘Exam table: let cats exit carrier on their own’ (4.31±1.42), ‘Separate cats from dogs during hospitalization’ (4.41±1.67) received the lowest feasibility ratings by veterinarians. In conclusion, the greatest barriers for the implementation of recommendations aiming to increase animal welfare in veterinary practice seem to be related to constructional aspects or perceived time constraints. Furthermore, veterinarians might have experienced low compliance of owners to their advice and might find reporting of suspected abuse cases challenging.

ACS Style

Christine Arhant; Nicole Hörschläger; Josef Troxler. Attitudes of veterinarians and veterinary students to recommendations on how to improve dog and cat welfare in veterinary practice. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 2019, 31, 10 -16.

AMA Style

Christine Arhant, Nicole Hörschläger, Josef Troxler. Attitudes of veterinarians and veterinary students to recommendations on how to improve dog and cat welfare in veterinary practice. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 2019; 31 ():10-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Arhant; Nicole Hörschläger; Josef Troxler. 2019. "Attitudes of veterinarians and veterinary students to recommendations on how to improve dog and cat welfare in veterinary practice." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 31, no. : 10-16.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2018 in Applied Animal Behaviour Science
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ACS Style

Lydia Pratsch; Natalia Mohr; Rupert Palme; Jennifer Rost; Josef Troxler; Christine Arhant. Carrier training cats reduces stress on transport to a veterinary practice. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2018, 206, 64 -74.

AMA Style

Lydia Pratsch, Natalia Mohr, Rupert Palme, Jennifer Rost, Josef Troxler, Christine Arhant. Carrier training cats reduces stress on transport to a veterinary practice. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2018; 206 ():64-74.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lydia Pratsch; Natalia Mohr; Rupert Palme; Jennifer Rost; Josef Troxler; Christine Arhant. 2018. "Carrier training cats reduces stress on transport to a veterinary practice." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 206, no. : 64-74.

Original research article
Published: 30 August 2017 in Frontiers in Veterinary Science
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In children up to six years interactions such as interfering with the dog’s resources but also benign behaviors (e.g. petting) commonly precede a bite incident with the family dog. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore the development of everyday interactions between children up to six years and their family dogs and whether parents’ attitudes to supervision are related to those interactions. Additionally, we investigated whether behavior of dogs that had lived in the family for longer than the child differed from those that grew up with children. A self-selected sample of caregivers living with a child up to six years and a family dog was surveyed via an online questionnaire (N = 402). Frequency of observed child behaviors directed towards the dog and dog behaviors directed towards the child were scored on a six-point scale (1-never, 6-very often). Data on characteristics of the caregiver, the child and the dog were collected and a section surveying attitudes to supervision of child-dog interactions was included. Additionally, we asked whether the dog already injured the child. Benign child behaviors towards dogs were most frequently reported (mean±S.D.: 4.1±1.2), increased with child age (rs = 0.38, p<0.001) and reached high levels from six month on. Overall, resource-related interactions were relatively infrequent (2.1±1.1). Most common was the dog allowing the child to take objects from its mouth (4.1±1.7). This behavior was more common with older children (rs = 0.37, p<0.001). Reported injuries during resource-related interactions occurred while feeding treats or taking objects from the dog during fetch play. Dogs that had lived in the family for longer than the child showed less affiliative behaviors towards the child (e.g. energetic affiliative: U = -7.171, p<0.001) and more fear-related behaviors (U = -3.581, p<0.001). Finally, the caregivers’ attitudes to supervision were related to all child behaviors (e.g. allow unsafe behaviors – benign child behavior: rs = 0.47, p<0.001). The results of this study underline the need for a dog bite prevention approach directed towards the caregivers very early in the child-dog relationship, taking into account the child’s age and individual needs of the dog.

ACS Style

Christine Arhant; Andrea Martina Beetz; Josef Troxler. Caregiver Reports of Interactions between Children up to 6 Years and Their Family Dog—Implications for Dog Bite Prevention. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2017, 4, 1 .

AMA Style

Christine Arhant, Andrea Martina Beetz, Josef Troxler. Caregiver Reports of Interactions between Children up to 6 Years and Their Family Dog—Implications for Dog Bite Prevention. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2017; 4 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Arhant; Andrea Martina Beetz; Josef Troxler. 2017. "Caregiver Reports of Interactions between Children up to 6 Years and Their Family Dog—Implications for Dog Bite Prevention." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 4, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2017 in Applied Animal Behaviour Science
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ACS Style

Christine Arhant; Josef Troxler. Is there a relationship between attitudes of shelter staff to cats and the cats’ approach behaviour? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2017, 187, 60 -68.

AMA Style

Christine Arhant, Josef Troxler. Is there a relationship between attitudes of shelter staff to cats and the cats’ approach behaviour? Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2017; 187 ():60-68.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Arhant; Josef Troxler. 2017. "Is there a relationship between attitudes of shelter staff to cats and the cats’ approach behaviour?" Applied Animal Behaviour Science 187, no. : 60-68.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2016 in Journal of Veterinary Behavior
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ACS Style

Christine Arhant; Ricarda Landenberger; Andrea Beetz; Josef Troxler. Attitudes of caregivers to supervision of child–family dog interactions in children up to 6 years—An exploratory study. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 2016, 14, 10 -16.

AMA Style

Christine Arhant, Ricarda Landenberger, Andrea Beetz, Josef Troxler. Attitudes of caregivers to supervision of child–family dog interactions in children up to 6 years—An exploratory study. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 2016; 14 ():10-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Arhant; Ricarda Landenberger; Andrea Beetz; Josef Troxler. 2016. "Attitudes of caregivers to supervision of child–family dog interactions in children up to 6 years—An exploratory study." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 14, no. : 10-16.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2015 in Journal of Veterinary Behavior
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ACS Style

Christine Arhant; Ramona Wogritsch; Josef Troxler. Assessment of behavior and physical condition of shelter cats as animal-based indicators of welfare. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 2015, 10, 399 -406.

AMA Style

Christine Arhant, Ramona Wogritsch, Josef Troxler. Assessment of behavior and physical condition of shelter cats as animal-based indicators of welfare. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 2015; 10 (5):399-406.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Arhant; Ramona Wogritsch; Josef Troxler. 2015. "Assessment of behavior and physical condition of shelter cats as animal-based indicators of welfare." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 10, no. 5: 399-406.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2014 in Journal of Veterinary Behavior
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ACS Style

Christine Arhant; Ramona Wogritsch; Josef Troxler. Physical condition of shelter cats and animal-based welfare parameter. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 2014, 9, e8 .

AMA Style

Christine Arhant, Ramona Wogritsch, Josef Troxler. Physical condition of shelter cats and animal-based welfare parameter. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 2014; 9 (6):e8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Arhant; Ramona Wogritsch; Josef Troxler. 2014. "Physical condition of shelter cats and animal-based welfare parameter." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 9, no. 6: e8.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2014 in Applied Animal Behaviour Science
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ACS Style

Christine Arhant; Josef Troxler. Approach behaviour of shelter dogs and its relationships with the attitudes of shelter staff to dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2014, 160, 116 -126.

AMA Style

Christine Arhant, Josef Troxler. Approach behaviour of shelter dogs and its relationships with the attitudes of shelter staff to dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2014; 160 ():116-126.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Arhant; Josef Troxler. 2014. "Approach behaviour of shelter dogs and its relationships with the attitudes of shelter staff to dogs." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 160, no. : 116-126.

Conference abstract
Published: 28 February 2011 in Journal of Veterinary Behavior
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ACS Style

Christine Arhant; Ursula Huber; Josef Troxler. Opinions of dog owners about characteristics of off-leash areas and risk factors related to conflicts between dogs and dog injury. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 2011, 6, 75 -76.

AMA Style

Christine Arhant, Ursula Huber, Josef Troxler. Opinions of dog owners about characteristics of off-leash areas and risk factors related to conflicts between dogs and dog injury. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 2011; 6 (1):75-76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Arhant; Ursula Huber; Josef Troxler. 2011. "Opinions of dog owners about characteristics of off-leash areas and risk factors related to conflicts between dogs and dog injury." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 6, no. 1: 75-76.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2010 in Applied Animal Behaviour Science
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The owner's behaviour is regarded to be a possible cause of unfavourable behaviour such as poor obedience or excitability in smaller dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate whether owner behaviour such as use of training methods, inconsistency in the owner's behaviour or engagement in shared activities differs between owners of smaller (2-test, t-tests and Spearman correlations. Our results confirm that smaller dogs are seen as less obedient (P P P P P r s=−0.4, P r s=0.4, P P=0.007). In smaller and larger dogs, a more frequent use of punishment was associated with increased aggression and excitability (smaller: r s=0.3, P r s=0.2, P r s=0.2, P r s=0.2, P

ACS Style

Christine Arhant; Hermann Bubna-Littitz; Angela Bartels; Andreas Futschik; Josef Troxler. Behaviour of smaller and larger dogs: Effects of training methods, inconsistency of owner behaviour and level of engagement in activities with the dog. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2010, 123, 131 -142.

AMA Style

Christine Arhant, Hermann Bubna-Littitz, Angela Bartels, Andreas Futschik, Josef Troxler. Behaviour of smaller and larger dogs: Effects of training methods, inconsistency of owner behaviour and level of engagement in activities with the dog. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2010; 123 (3-4):131-142.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Arhant; Hermann Bubna-Littitz; Angela Bartels; Andreas Futschik; Josef Troxler. 2010. "Behaviour of smaller and larger dogs: Effects of training methods, inconsistency of owner behaviour and level of engagement in activities with the dog." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 123, no. 3-4: 131-142.

Conference abstract
Published: 28 February 2010 in Journal of Veterinary Behavior
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ACS Style

Christine Arhant; Angela Bartels; Hermann Bubna-Littitz; Josef Troxler. Owner behavior and its relationships with characteristics of the owner and the dog. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 2010, 5, 23 .

AMA Style

Christine Arhant, Angela Bartels, Hermann Bubna-Littitz, Josef Troxler. Owner behavior and its relationships with characteristics of the owner and the dog. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 2010; 5 (1):23.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Arhant; Angela Bartels; Hermann Bubna-Littitz; Josef Troxler. 2010. "Owner behavior and its relationships with characteristics of the owner and the dog." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 5, no. 1: 23.

Conference abstract
Published: 30 April 2009 in Journal of Veterinary Behavior
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ACS Style

Christine Arhant; Josef Troxler. Dog litter in an urban environment: Factors associated with owners’ decision not to pick up their dogs’ droppings. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 2009, 4, 62 .

AMA Style

Christine Arhant, Josef Troxler. Dog litter in an urban environment: Factors associated with owners’ decision not to pick up their dogs’ droppings. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 2009; 4 (2):62.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Arhant; Josef Troxler. 2009. "Dog litter in an urban environment: Factors associated with owners’ decision not to pick up their dogs’ droppings." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 4, no. 2: 62.