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Reading books to shelter animals combining auditory enrichment with human presence is increasingly used although its effects on animal welfare have not yet been investigated. This study compared the behaviour of single-housed shelter dogs and cats during a prerecorded reading condition in the absence or presence of an unfamiliar human (without direct physical contact). Fourteen dogs and twenty-one cats were observed in their enclosure in the two conditions in a counterbalanced order. Behaviours such as scratching the door, gaze direction and location in relation to the audio source/human were analysed from video recording for 10 min per condition. Dogs spent more time in their bed (p < 0.047) and looking at the auditory source (p < 0.004) when a human was present. Cats showed door scratching and rubbing when a human was present (p < 0.043), whereas they tended to spend more time in the vertical dimension (p = 0.051), where the hiding boxes were located, during auditory stimulation without a human present. These results show that the presence of a human induces greater interest compared to just audio stimulation in shelter dogs and cats but may induce frustration likely due to not being able to physically interact in some animals.
Adele Tuozzi; Christine Arhant; Kristina Anderle; Jessica Backes; Catherine Cords; Viola Magierski; Jean-Loup Rault; Ines Windschnurer. Effects of Human Presence and Voice on the Behaviour of Shelter Dogs and Cats: A Preliminary Study. Animals 2021, 11, 406 .
AMA StyleAdele Tuozzi, Christine Arhant, Kristina Anderle, Jessica Backes, Catherine Cords, Viola Magierski, Jean-Loup Rault, Ines Windschnurer. Effects of Human Presence and Voice on the Behaviour of Shelter Dogs and Cats: A Preliminary Study. Animals. 2021; 11 (2):406.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdele Tuozzi; Christine Arhant; Kristina Anderle; Jessica Backes; Catherine Cords; Viola Magierski; Jean-Loup Rault; Ines Windschnurer. 2021. "Effects of Human Presence and Voice on the Behaviour of Shelter Dogs and Cats: A Preliminary Study." Animals 11, no. 2: 406.
A high proportion of dogs and cats are fearful during veterinary visits, which in some cases may escalate into aggression. Here, we discuss factors that contribute to negative emotions in a veterinary setting and how these can be addressed. We briefly summarise the available evidence for the interventions discussed. The set-up of the waiting area (e.g., spatial dividers; elevated places for cat carriers), tailoring the examination and the treatment to the individual, considerate handling (minimal restraint when possible, avoiding leaning over or cornering animals) and offering high-value food or toys throughout the visit can promote security and, ideally, positive associations. Desensitisation and counterconditioning are highly recommended, both to prevent and address existing negative emotions. Short-term pain from injections can be minimised by using tactile and cognitive distractions and topical analgesics, which are also indicated for painful procedures such as ear cleanings. Recommendations for handling fearful animals to minimise aggressive responses are discussed. However, anxiolytics or sedation should be used whenever there is a risk of traumatising an animal or for safety reasons. Stress-reducing measures can decrease fear and stress in patients and consequently their owners, thus strengthening the relationship with the clients as well as increasing the professional satisfaction of veterinary staff.
Stefanie Riemer; Carmen Heritier; Ines Windschnurer; Lydia Pratsch; Christine Arhant; Nadja Affenzeller. A Review on Mitigating Fear and Aggression in Dogs and Cats in a Veterinary Setting. Animals 2021, 11, 158 .
AMA StyleStefanie Riemer, Carmen Heritier, Ines Windschnurer, Lydia Pratsch, Christine Arhant, Nadja Affenzeller. A Review on Mitigating Fear and Aggression in Dogs and Cats in a Veterinary Setting. Animals. 2021; 11 (1):158.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefanie Riemer; Carmen Heritier; Ines Windschnurer; Lydia Pratsch; Christine Arhant; Nadja Affenzeller. 2021. "A Review on Mitigating Fear and Aggression in Dogs and Cats in a Veterinary Setting." Animals 11, no. 1: 158.
Although alpacas are becoming increasingly popular animals, their behaviour towards humans has received little research interest until now. The purpose of our study was to investigate, for the first time, associations between caretaker attitudes and handling practices (i.e., frequency of different types of contact, and the use of training) and alpaca behaviour in the presence of humans in a large sample of alpaca caretakers. To this end, we conducted an online survey among German-speaking alpaca caretakers. Regarding alpaca behaviour, we were interested in their behaviour towards their caretaker’s approach (assessed as ‘the majority of the alpacas run away’ / ‘keep standing’ / ‘approach the caretaker’), ease of handling in different situations (rated on a 5-point scale), and behavioural problems (spitting, kicking, biting, rising, pushing, or several of these behaviours beyond the normal level) from the caretakers’ point of view. To avoid reactance in participants, we decided against a forced choice answer format, which resulted in varying sample sizes. Questions assessing general attitudes, affective attitudes, behavioural beliefs, frequency of caretaker contact, and questions assessing the animal’s ease of handling were summarised to factors, followed by the performance of confirmatory factor analyses to determine if our hypothesized factor structures fit the observed data. Next, four regression models were calculated with the dependent variables alpacas’ reaction to caretaker approach (n = 142), ease of handling during moving and leading (n = 144), ease of handling during restraint (n = 140), and absence of behavioural problems (n = 139). Predictor variables were eleven attitude factors, four frequency of contact factors, and the use of training by means of the ‘TTeam method / Camelidynamics’. We found associations between caretaker attitudes, handling practices, and animal behaviour. For instance, moving and leading was more difficult in cases of a more negative general attitude (p < 0.05), but easier in cases of training for easier handling (p < 0.05). More talking to alpacas related to easier handling during moving and leading (p < 0.05). Negative general attitudes were associated positively with the occurrence of behavioural problems (p < 0.05). The overall results suggest similar relationships between caretakers’ attitudes and behaviour and the animals’ behaviour, as demonstrated in other species. The fact that training was a highly significant predictor of ease of handling during moving and leading supports findings in other species, that non-aversive training can improve ease of handling.
Ines Windschnurer; Lisa Fischer; Takuya Yanagida; Cassandra Eibl; Sonja Franz; Susanne Waiblinger. Caretaker attitudes and animal training are associated with alpaca behaviour towards humans—An online survey. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2021, 236, 105224 .
AMA StyleInes Windschnurer, Lisa Fischer, Takuya Yanagida, Cassandra Eibl, Sonja Franz, Susanne Waiblinger. Caretaker attitudes and animal training are associated with alpaca behaviour towards humans—An online survey. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2021; 236 ():105224.
Chicago/Turabian StyleInes Windschnurer; Lisa Fischer; Takuya Yanagida; Cassandra Eibl; Sonja Franz; Susanne Waiblinger. 2021. "Caretaker attitudes and animal training are associated with alpaca behaviour towards humans—An online survey." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 236, no. : 105224.
Ines Windschnurer; Cassandra Eibl; Sonja Franz; Elisabeth M. Gilhofer; Susanne Waiblinger. Alpaca and llama behaviour during handling and its associations with caretaker attitudes and human-animal contact. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2020, 226, 1 .
AMA StyleInes Windschnurer, Cassandra Eibl, Sonja Franz, Elisabeth M. Gilhofer, Susanne Waiblinger. Alpaca and llama behaviour during handling and its associations with caretaker attitudes and human-animal contact. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2020; 226 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleInes Windschnurer; Cassandra Eibl; Sonja Franz; Elisabeth M. Gilhofer; Susanne Waiblinger. 2020. "Alpaca and llama behaviour during handling and its associations with caretaker attitudes and human-animal contact." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 226, no. : 1.
Few data are published about different ferret husbandry practices in terms of housing, enrichment, feeding, social management and the health status of ferrets. However, these factors are crucial for animal welfare and influence animal behavior. A comprehensive online survey was conducted among 573 German-speaking ferret owners to gain insight into these aspects of husbandry, the occurrence of behaviors potentially indicative of good or impaired welfare and associations between environmental conditions and ferret behavior. To reduce false positives, a forced choice answer format was avoided, therefore the sample size varied. Ferrets were on average 3.3 ± 2.3 (mean ± SD) years old. 56% were male and 44% were female. 89% of the male and 83% of the female ferrets were neutered. Many ferrets enjoyed good health. The majority (73.7%, n = 425) of ferrets was not diagnosed with a ferret-typical illness. A high percentage of animals was housed in a dedicated ferret room (32.7%) or unconfined in the flat or house (34.5%). The vast majority had various enrichment items in their main living area (e.g., tubes: 98.1%, boxes: 84.4%, climbing items: 81.3%). Potential stressors and welfare issues were also identified (e.g., single housing (4%), recent bite injuries (4.6%) from other ferrets, ferret-typical diseases, such as cardiac disease and adrenal tumors (6% each), or recent signs of ill health such as diarrhea (7.1%) or parasites (6.2%) and potential problem behaviors, which might strain the human-animal relationship, such as defecation outside the toilet area (daily in 27%)). The mean age of the latest deceased ferret was 5.8 ± 2.6 years, hinting at a shorter life span than often predicted. Both housing type and recent changes in the pair or group composition, i.e., in the social environment, were shown to have an effect on behavior. For instance, repetitive nibbling was reported more often in ferrets living in indoor enclosures compared with animals kept in ferret rooms, unconfined in the flat/house or outdoor enclosures (p < 0.05). If a new ferret had been introduced within the last six months, more agonistic behaviors (hissing, high-pitched screaming, defecating during interaction) were reported (p < 0.05). In sum, according to owner reports, many ferrets enjoyed good health, enriched living conditions and companionship. However, potential stressors and welfare issues were also identified and associations between husbandry conditions and signs of impaired welfare can built the basis for owner education.
Doris Köbrunner; Susanne Waiblinger; Birgit U. Stetina; Frank Künzel; Ines Windschnurer. Insight into husbandry conditions, health, and behavior of pet ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) among German-speaking ferret owners. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 2020, 37, 8 -19.
AMA StyleDoris Köbrunner, Susanne Waiblinger, Birgit U. Stetina, Frank Künzel, Ines Windschnurer. Insight into husbandry conditions, health, and behavior of pet ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) among German-speaking ferret owners. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 2020; 37 ():8-19.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDoris Köbrunner; Susanne Waiblinger; Birgit U. Stetina; Frank Künzel; Ines Windschnurer. 2020. "Insight into husbandry conditions, health, and behavior of pet ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) among German-speaking ferret owners." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 37, no. : 8-19.
Cage housing of growing rabbits is associated with welfare concerns. An alternative system that has already been introduced involves pens with non-wire floors. An important aspect of group pens, for which the best solution has not yet been clearly demonstrated, is the choice of floor material. The study investigated effects of two ground floor types—slatted plastic floor versus concrete floor with straw litter—on health-related parameters and weight of rabbits reared in large group pens on a commercial rabbit farm, i.e., with preventive coccidiostatic, and if required, additional therapeutic medical treatment. Pens were identical in dimensions, equipment (including platforms), and initial group size (60 animals/pen). Four pens were studied per ground floor type in three consecutive rearing periods (in total, 12 pens per floor type). A higher percentage of rabbits per pen had clean fur if reared on straw (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in the load of coccidial oocysts in collective faecal samples, mortality, pathological alterations, or causes of loss (p > 0.05). Thus, often-expressed concerns that parasitic load and mortality would be higher in groups kept on straw were not confirmed when rabbits were housed under otherwise equal conditions. Average slaughter weight was higher in rabbits reared on a slatted plastic floor (p < 0.05), confirming previous findings of a negative impact of straw litter on weight gain.
Ines Windschnurer; Susanne Waiblinger; Stefan Hanslik; Andrea Klang; Fehim Smajlhodzic; Michael Löwenstein; Knut Niebuhr. Effects of Ground Floor Type on Selected Health-Parameters and Weight of Rabbits Reared in Group Pens. Animals 2019, 9, 216 .
AMA StyleInes Windschnurer, Susanne Waiblinger, Stefan Hanslik, Andrea Klang, Fehim Smajlhodzic, Michael Löwenstein, Knut Niebuhr. Effects of Ground Floor Type on Selected Health-Parameters and Weight of Rabbits Reared in Group Pens. Animals. 2019; 9 (5):216.
Chicago/Turabian StyleInes Windschnurer; Susanne Waiblinger; Stefan Hanslik; Andrea Klang; Fehim Smajlhodzic; Michael Löwenstein; Knut Niebuhr. 2019. "Effects of Ground Floor Type on Selected Health-Parameters and Weight of Rabbits Reared in Group Pens." Animals 9, no. 5: 216.
The aim of the study was to investigate the habitat, characteristics and the health status of cat colonies under supervision of a trap-neuter-return program, the distance of the cats maintained with respect to their caregivers as a measure of the animals’ fear of or confidence in humans, and relationships between these factors with regard to animal welfare. Thirteen managed cat colonies in different urban habitats were visited twice (1st and 2nd visit) by a team of two observers. The assessment of health and other welfare parameters was based on direct observation at the feeding sites, caregiver inquiry, and photo analysis. Potential associations between the parameters were analysed at an individual level (e.g., injuries related to sex and neuter status) or at group level (e.g., percentage of animals with impaired health). Inter-observer reliability was high for all indicators. Most cats were in a good state of health, and the majority was already neutered. The lower the percentage of clean feeding places, the higher was the percentage of thin animals (1st/2nd visit: rs = -0.72 / -0.58, P = 0.01 / 0.04) and the percentage of cats showing apathetic behavior (1st/2nd visit: rs = -0.54 / -0.58, P = 0.06 / 0.04). The larger the group size, the higher was the percentage of cats with hair coat deviations (1st/2nd visit: rs = -0.73 / -0.79, P = 0.01 / < 0.01). There were also some associations between sex/neuter status and health. Intact males were most likely to be injured, whereas no injuries were observed in females. The results suggest that feeding site characteristics, such as group size and cleanliness of feeding places, as well as sex and neuter status can have an impact on the health status and thus welfare of colony cats. If caregivers offered diluted milk or treats, a higher percentage of cats approached to close proximity (1st/2nd visit: diluted milk: P = 0.02 / 0.01; treats: P = 0.04 / 0.04). The offering of treats likely strengthened the animal-human relationship. Indicators such as the percentage of very thin animals, cats showing altered, apathetic behaviour, cats with hair coat deviations, injuries, as well as the percentage of animals approaching within close proximity to their caregiver seem to be useful indicators for the welfare surveillance of cats in managed colonies in terms of validity, because we found associations with environmental factors, the care provided to the cats, or cat colony characteristics.
Elisabeth Marianne Gilhofer; Ines Windschnurer; Josef Troxler; Veronika Heizmann. Welfare of feral cats and potential influencing factors. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 2018, 30, 114 -123.
AMA StyleElisabeth Marianne Gilhofer, Ines Windschnurer, Josef Troxler, Veronika Heizmann. Welfare of feral cats and potential influencing factors. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 2018; 30 ():114-123.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElisabeth Marianne Gilhofer; Ines Windschnurer; Josef Troxler; Veronika Heizmann. 2018. "Welfare of feral cats and potential influencing factors." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 30, no. : 114-123.
Due to welfare concerns and legal restrictions in certain countries, alternatives to wire net floors must be developed in rabbit husbandries. Also, there is a difference in regulations in Europe for laboratory rabbits vs. rabbits bred and kept for meat production. While there are regulations concerning floor design of enclosures for rabbits bred for meat production in many European countries, the European Directive 2010/63 lacks regulations for rabbits used for scientific purposes. This study compares two floors, which meet the Austrian legal requirements for growing rabbits intended for consumption as well as the requirements for laboratory rabbits. The dual use of rabbits bred for meat production and applicable for scientific purposes would avoid the problem of surplus animals of specialized producers for laboratory rabbits. A noryl floor with 12 mm circular holes was compared to a 10 mm slatted plastic floor. Parameters were soiling of cages and animals, parasitic burden, clinical health, and losses using objective scoring. Soiling of cages and animals and coccidial oocytes were significantly higher on the floors with circular holes. Obvious signs of disease showed a non-significant trend to be more frequent in the group with circular holes. This was linked with significantly higher losses. In conclusion, our study clearly shows that the floor with circular hole design cannot be endorsed, although it meets legal requirements. The slatted floor type can be cautiously recommended; however, to assure animal welfare in laboratory rabbits, legal authorities in Europe should take on the responsibility of regulating floor design in this sector.
K. Tillmann; I. Windschnurer; J. Gamper; B. Hinney; T. Rülicke; B.K. Podesser; J. Troxler; Roberto Plasenzotti. Welfare assessment in rabbits raised for meat and laboratory purposes in enclosures with two floor types: Perforated plastic with holes versus slats. Research in Veterinary Science 2018, 122, 200 -209.
AMA StyleK. Tillmann, I. Windschnurer, J. Gamper, B. Hinney, T. Rülicke, B.K. Podesser, J. Troxler, Roberto Plasenzotti. Welfare assessment in rabbits raised for meat and laboratory purposes in enclosures with two floor types: Perforated plastic with holes versus slats. Research in Veterinary Science. 2018; 122 ():200-209.
Chicago/Turabian StyleK. Tillmann; I. Windschnurer; J. Gamper; B. Hinney; T. Rülicke; B.K. Podesser; J. Troxler; Roberto Plasenzotti. 2018. "Welfare assessment in rabbits raised for meat and laboratory purposes in enclosures with two floor types: Perforated plastic with holes versus slats." Research in Veterinary Science 122, no. : 200-209.
Cattle's relationship with humans is a crucial factor regarding their welfare. In dairy cows, interactions with humans occur regularly during milking. We tested the effect of gentle interactions (stroking, talking in a gentle voice) during milking on avoidance distance and milk composition, yield and flow characteristics as well as behaviour during milking. Over the course of 15 days, an experimenter interacted gently with 14 German Holstein cows for 2 min during morning and evening milkings, totalling 60 min; the experimenter stayed at a similar distance to 12 control cows of the same breed for the same amount of time. There were no significant differences between the groups in behaviour during milking. Over the course of the experimental phase, avoidance distance at the feeding rack decreased significantly in stroked but not in control cows. The treatment did not improve any of the measures of milk composition, yield or flow; on the 1st day of the treatment, milk ejection was impaired in stroked cows, which points towards an effect of the novelty of the treatment. We conclude that gentle interactions during milking improve the relationship between cows and a human. Possible reasons for the absence of an effect on milk characteristics are that cows may not have perceived the interactions as positive or that a ceiling effect occurred due to otherwise optimal milking routines.
Stephanie Lürzel; K. Barth; Ines Windschnurer; A. Futschik; Susanne Waiblinger. The influence of gentle interactions with an experimenter during milking on dairy cows’ avoidance distance and milk yield, flow and composition. Animal 2018, 12, 340 -349.
AMA StyleStephanie Lürzel, K. Barth, Ines Windschnurer, A. Futschik, Susanne Waiblinger. The influence of gentle interactions with an experimenter during milking on dairy cows’ avoidance distance and milk yield, flow and composition. Animal. 2018; 12 (2):340-349.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephanie Lürzel; K. Barth; Ines Windschnurer; A. Futschik; Susanne Waiblinger. 2018. "The influence of gentle interactions with an experimenter during milking on dairy cows’ avoidance distance and milk yield, flow and composition." Animal 12, no. 2: 340-349.
Stephanie Lürzel; Ines Windschnurer; Andreas Futschik; Susanne Waiblinger. Gentle interactions decrease the fear of humans in dairy heifers independently of early experience of stroking. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2016, 178, 16 -22.
AMA StyleStephanie Lürzel, Ines Windschnurer, Andreas Futschik, Susanne Waiblinger. Gentle interactions decrease the fear of humans in dairy heifers independently of early experience of stroking. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2016; 178 ():16-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephanie Lürzel; Ines Windschnurer; Andreas Futschik; Susanne Waiblinger. 2016. "Gentle interactions decrease the fear of humans in dairy heifers independently of early experience of stroking." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 178, no. : 16-22.
Although the relationship between farm animals and humans has strong implications for animal welfare and productivity, there have been few experimental studies on the influence of gentle interactions in group-housed calves. In the present study, Austrian Simmental calves were housed in groups of four under standard management conditions. Fourteen calves experienced 40 min of additional gentle interactions in the form of stroking and gentle talking during the first four weeks of life, whereas the remaining eleven calves did not. The animals' fear of humans was measured by avoidance distance tests on 33 and 76 days of age and by an arena test that comprised three phases — isolation, presence of a human, isolation — at 34 days of age. The very low avoidance distances did not differ significantly between the groups. In the arena test, there was less behaviour indicative of stress in the presence of the experimenter compared with the isolation phases. Heart-rate measurements showed a corresponding pattern. Control calves showed more tail-flicking than stroked calves and had higher concentrations of salivary cortisol before and after the test. There were no other significant differences between the groups. The minor number of behavioural differences may result from the control animals' good relationship with humans, ie there is a ceiling effect. If the general contact between stockpeople and calves is gentle and negative experiences are minimised, it is possible to achieve a good calf-human relationship without additional efforts.
Stephanie Lürzel; I Windschnurer; Andreas Futschik; Rupert Palme; Susanne Waiblinger. Effects of gentle interactions on the relationship with humans and on stress-related parameters in group-housed calves. Animal Welfare 2015, 24, 475 -484.
AMA StyleStephanie Lürzel, I Windschnurer, Andreas Futschik, Rupert Palme, Susanne Waiblinger. Effects of gentle interactions on the relationship with humans and on stress-related parameters in group-housed calves. Animal Welfare. 2015; 24 (4):475-484.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephanie Lürzel; I Windschnurer; Andreas Futschik; Rupert Palme; Susanne Waiblinger. 2015. "Effects of gentle interactions on the relationship with humans and on stress-related parameters in group-housed calves." Animal Welfare 24, no. 4: 475-484.
Stephanie Lürzel; Charlotte Münsch; Ines Windschnurer; Andreas Futschik; Rupert Palme; Susanne Waiblinger. The influence of gentle interactions on avoidance distance towards humans, weight gain and physiological parameters in group-housed dairy calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2015, 172, 9 -16.
AMA StyleStephanie Lürzel, Charlotte Münsch, Ines Windschnurer, Andreas Futschik, Rupert Palme, Susanne Waiblinger. The influence of gentle interactions on avoidance distance towards humans, weight gain and physiological parameters in group-housed dairy calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2015; 172 ():9-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephanie Lürzel; Charlotte Münsch; Ines Windschnurer; Andreas Futschik; Rupert Palme; Susanne Waiblinger. 2015. "The influence of gentle interactions on avoidance distance towards humans, weight gain and physiological parameters in group-housed dairy calves." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 172, no. : 9-16.
Ines Windschnurer; Xavier Boivin; Susanne Waiblinger. Reliability of an avoidance distance test for the assessment of animals’ responsiveness to humans and a preliminary investigation of its association with farmers’ attitudes on bull fattening farms. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2009, 117, 117 -127.
AMA StyleInes Windschnurer, Xavier Boivin, Susanne Waiblinger. Reliability of an avoidance distance test for the assessment of animals’ responsiveness to humans and a preliminary investigation of its association with farmers’ attitudes on bull fattening farms. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2009; 117 (3-4):117-127.
Chicago/Turabian StyleInes Windschnurer; Xavier Boivin; Susanne Waiblinger. 2009. "Reliability of an avoidance distance test for the assessment of animals’ responsiveness to humans and a preliminary investigation of its association with farmers’ attitudes on bull fattening farms." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 117, no. 3-4: 117-127.
Ines Windschnurer; Claudia Schmied; Xavier Boivin; Susanne Waiblinger. Reliability and inter-test relationship of tests for on-farm assessment of dairy cows’ relationship to humans. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2008, 114, 37 -53.
AMA StyleInes Windschnurer, Claudia Schmied, Xavier Boivin, Susanne Waiblinger. Reliability and inter-test relationship of tests for on-farm assessment of dairy cows’ relationship to humans. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2008; 114 (1-2):37-53.
Chicago/Turabian StyleInes Windschnurer; Claudia Schmied; Xavier Boivin; Susanne Waiblinger. 2008. "Reliability and inter-test relationship of tests for on-farm assessment of dairy cows’ relationship to humans." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 114, no. 1-2: 37-53.