Under-cover soilless cultivation is an important technique of crop production. Due to the lack of contact with soil and precipitation, the root system of crops grown must be provided with water and all necessary nutrients in the form of a solution (nutrient medium). This nutrient medium needs to be fed in excess to ensure proper plant development and the expected qualitative and quantitative parameters of the crop yield, which means that in the case of, e.g., tomato cultivation, 20–80% of the supplied medium must be removed from the root system and managed. Uncontrolled discharge of this drainage water poses a significant threat to the environment, causing contamination of surface waters and groundwaters. The article presents the latest solutions for drainage water management as well as technologies and systems that allow saving water and fertilizers, and thus recovering elements. It also characterizes methods deployed for the treatment of overflow that enable its recirculation, its re-use for fertilization of other less demanding crops (including soil crops), and its final management in the form of a discharge to the natural environment. Due to depleting resources of adequate-quality water, increase in the prices of mineral fertilizers, and depletion of natural phosphorus deposits, the future trends in water and nutrients management in this cropping system aim at closing circuits of drainage water and recovering elements before their discharge into the natural environment. These measures are expected not only to protect the natural environment but also to reduce the costs of crop production.

An attempt was undertaken to determine indicators of energy consumption in bio-electro reactors (BERs) i.e., an aerobic rotating electrobiological disc contactor (REBDC) and an anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR), during contaminant removal from soilless tomato cultivation wastewater having a specific composition, i.e., high nitrate and phosphorus concentrations and low COD. Because of this specificity, the energy consumption during the treatment process was characterized by a cumulative indicator for simultaneous removal of phosphorus and nitrates—EEI_NUTRIENTSrem (electric energy consumption per unit of removed nutrient load, expressed as kWh/kg_NUTRIENTSrem). Four values of direct current density were tested: 0.63, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 A/m². The indicator values were compared at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h. The study demonstrated that the values of electric energy consumption per unit of removed nutrient load determined in the anaerobic SBBR ranged from 30 to 464 kWh/kg _NUTRIENTSrem and were lower than the values obtained in the aerobic REBCD, i.e., 80–1380 kWh/kg _NUTRIENTSrem.

The management of drainage water (DW), which is produced during the soilless cultivation of plants, requires a high energy input. At the same time, DW is characterized by a high electrolytic conductivity, a high redox potential, and is also stable and putrefaction-free. In the present study, the natural properties of drainage water and a biotreatment method employing an external organic substrate in the form of citric acid (C/N 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) were utilized for energy recovery by a microbial fuel cell (MFC). The cathode chamber served as a retention tank for DW with a carbon felt electrode fixed inside. In turn, a biological reactor with biomass attached to the filling in the form of carbon felt served as the anode chamber. The filling also played the role of an electrode. The chambers were combined by an ion exchange membrane, forming an H letter-shaped system. They were then connected in an external electrical circuit with a resistance of 1k Ω. The use of a flow-through system eliminated steps involving aeration and mixing of the chambers’ contents. Citric acid was found to be an efficient organic substrate. The voltage of the electric current increased from 44.34 ± 60.92 mV to 566.06 ± 2.47 mV for the organic substrate dose expressed by the C/N ratio ranging from 1.0 to 2.0. At the same time, the denitrification efficiency ranged from 51.47 ± 9.84 to 95.60 ± 1.99% and that of dephosphatation from 88.97 ± 2.41 to 90.48 ± 1.99% at C/N from 1.0 to 2.0. The conducted studies confirmed the possibility of recovering energy during the biological purification of drainage water in a biofilm reactor. The adopted solution only required the connection of electrodes and tanks with an ion-selective membrane. Further research should aim to biologically treat DW followed by identification of the feasibility of energy recovery by means of MFC.

The peculiarity of the wastewater produced in Polish dairies stems from the frequency and specific technology of cottage cheese production. The aim of this study was to determine the water consumption and the quantity and quality of wastewater and sewage sludge discharged from Polish dairies based on the size of the plant and the production profile of the plant to characterize the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Data were collected from eighteen dairies. Most of them have their own WWTP. Water consumption ranged from 1.5 litres (L) of water per litre of milk processed to 3.71 L/L. The specific volume of wastewater ranged from 1.18 to 5.78 L per L of milk processed. The raw wastewater concentrations were comparable to those of dairy wastewater in other European countries. Despite the disposal of domestic wastewater in WWTPs, the results of the sanitary examinations of the sludge showed it was suitable for agricultural purposes. Its heavy metal also made it applicable on agricultural land. The ratio of the sludge to raw milk processing was between 0.137 and 7.927 kg of sludge per 100 L of milk processed. The amount of sludge produced per pollutant (BOD) load removed ranged from 0.404 to 18.895 kg/kg BOD_removed.

Energy is essential for the operation of wastewater treatment systems. Simultaneously, it can be a factor facilitating the electrochemical purification processes. Previous studies have shown that under specific conditions, there is no technological justification for using bio-electrochemical reactors designed for the simultaneous removal of both phosphorus and nitrogen compounds. This is because similar dephosphatation process effects can be achieved in an electrochemical reactor. Additionally, in a bio-electrochemical reactor, a portion of the organic substrate introduced for biological treatment is lost due to the electrocoagulation process. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of low direct current densities (0.4–2.0 A/m²) on the rate and efficiency of phosphorus and other compound removal in a sequencing electrochemical reactor treating real wastewater from a greenhouse with low organic compound content. In the conducted studies, an increase in electric current density resulted in an increase in the removal rates of phosphorus from 26.45 to 34.79 mg/L·h, nitrogen from 2.07 to 6.58 mg/L·h, and organic compounds from 0.44 to 1.50 mg/L·h. This corresponded to maximum removal efficiencies of 88.6 ± 2.5% for phosphorus, 7.4 ± 2.5% for nitrogen, and 51.1 ± 8.3% for organic compounds. As a result of electrocoagulation, sludge rich in phosphorus was obtained, ranging from 347 ± 38 mg/L (18.1% P) to 665 ± 36 mg/L (11.7% P). The obtained results can be utilized in the future for the development of two-stage systems for wastewater treatment with a low content of organic compounds, aiming at the removal of phosphorus and nitrogen.

The management of wastewater from soilless tomato cultivation poses a technological and economic challenge. Given the above, the aim of this study was to determine the treatment efficiency of wastewater from soilless tomato cultivation in a bio-electrochemical reactor under conditions of direct electric current flow. The treatment efficiency was tested in three time variants of wastewater exposure to the electric current: V1—24 h exposure phase; V2—12 h exposure phase/12 h no exposure phase; and V3—12 h no exposure phase/12 h exposure phase. Experiments were conducted with two organic substrates, sodium acetate and acetic acid, at the C/N ratio of 1.25, with a direct current intensity of 1.25 A·m⁻² and hydraulic retention time of 24 h. The study results show the feasibility of achieving a satisfactory technological effect in a bio-electrochemical reactor without the need for electric current flow throughout the 24 h treatment cycle. From the energy consumption and technological standpoints, the most viable approach, ensuring 90.4 ± 1.6% and 94.9 ± 0.7% efficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus removal, respectively, turned out to be feeding the reactor with sodium acetate and wastewater exposure to the electric current flow only during the first 12 h of the treatment cycle. The scope of the conducted research justifies its continuation in order to determine the optimal time for supplying electricity to the bio-electrochemical reactor and the impact of the C/N value on the nitrogen and COD effluent concentrations.