In recent decades, urban mobility has assumed a need for adaptation due to the more significant congestion experienced in cities and the growing focus on sustainability. Several solutions are proposed to help citizens move around in an urban environment. Most are not yet aware of the universal and accessible aspect that these solutions must have. This paper proposes a route support system embedded in a mobile application, Viana+Acessível, using a multi-objective approach. The application aims to promote accessible mobility within the city, contributing to physical and psychological well-being for citizens with reduced mobility, temporary or permanently, such as people with spectrum autism disorder, the visually impaired, wheelchair users, pregnant, and the elderly. For the evaluation of the algorithms, four objective measures were considered: accessibility, slope, time, and length of the paths. The tests carried out with different routing algorithms showed that the A-Star presented the fastest results in terms of execution time compared to the Dijkstra, Floyd–Warshall, and Bellman–Ford. When analysing in a multi-objective approach, time, slope and accessibility were demonstrated to be conflicting objectives. Bi-objective and tri-objective were applied and Pareto front was explored. Graphical abstract

The digital transformation advancement enables multiple areas to provide modern services to their users. Culture is one of the areas that can benefit from these advances, more specifically museums, by presenting many benefits and the most emergent technologies to the visitors. This paper presents an indoor location system and content delivery solution, based on Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons, that enable visitors to walk freely inside the museum and receive augmented reality content based on the acquired position, which is done using the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). The solution presented in this paper was created for the Foz Côa Museum in Portugal and was tested in the real environment. A detailed study was carried out to analyze the RSSI under four different scenarios, and detection tests were carried out that allowed us to measure the accuracy of the room identification, which is needed for proper content delivery. Of the 89 positions tested in the four scenarios, 70% of the received signals were correctly received throughout the entire duration of the tests, 20% were received in an intermittent way, 4% were never detected and 6% of unwanted beacons were detected. The signal detection is fundamental for the correct room identification, which was performed with 96% accuracy. Thus, we verified that this technology is suitable for the proposed solution.

The digital transformation applied to museum's context is somehow usual nowadays, presenting many benefits to the visitors. However, most of the applications provide static and basic information that is not appealing nor promotes the involvement of the visitor in the tour. This paper proposes an architecture of a location-based content delivery inside a museum, based on a dynamic approach that promotes the visitor to immerse in the tour's story. The solution was created as a response to a real case study for the Foz Cöa museum in Portugal. The proposed solution uses beacons, for the indoor location of visitors, and augmented reality for providing contents based on what the user is seeing, following a narrative that captures his attention at all times and providing artifact's details that the naked eye can not see. A comparative study was made to determine the properties and compare two augmented reality tools: Immersal AR and EasyAR. The precision of beacons detection, under different conditions and configurations, was also presented as preliminary results of this work.

Nowadays, it is already common to have apps to assist citizens in their mobility within a city. However, apps are usually designed for the general citizen and do not include the specificity of people with reduced mobility, temporarily or permanently, such as visually impaired people, autistic people, people in wheelchairs, among others segments. This paper illustrates a case study carried out in the city of Viana do Castelo, in Portugal, where the streets of the historic center of the city were classified in a Geographic Information System (GIS) by the City Council together with the institutions that represent each one of the considered segments. Based on this classification, the Viana+Acessivel app was developed, which is about to be made available free of charge to all citizens, and which recommends to each user the optimum route from a source to a destination, taking into account his segment. For example, visually impaired people should avoid streets where emergency vehicles can circulate and autistic people should preferably avoid streets with loud noises, among other conditions. The A -Star Algorithm and Dijkstra Algorithm were used in the app to identify the optimum route. A comparative study was made concluding that both strategies identify the optimum route and A -Star method obtains the optimum solution in a faster time. An evaluation of the app was also made in terms of its effectiveness and usability.

In the current era of digital transformation, asset management systems using beacons are being applied across various domains, allowing for the detection of individuals or objects within a building. While the impact of a compromised system may not be significant in certain domains, in others it can pose risks and potentially lead to the loss of human lives or other significant consequences. This paper presents a risk assessment of cyber-attacks targeting Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) devices in two specific scenarios: healthcare and industry. The aim is to estimate the attacks that pose the greatest risk in each application area. Results show that, risk levels vary depending on the targeted scenario. Replay, battery exhaustion, jamming, fuzzing, blue-smack, and physical hijacking attacks are the ones that pose the greatest risk levels in the considered scenarios.