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Deterioration of upland soils, demographic growth, and climate change all lead to an increased utilization of wetlands in East Africa. This considerable pressure on wetland resources results in trade-offs between those resources and their related ecosystem services. Furthermore, relationships between catchment attributes and available wetland water resources are one of the key drivers that might lead to wetland degradation. To investigate the impacts of these developments on catchment-wetland water resources, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was applied to the Kilombero Catchment in Tanzania, which is like many other East African catchments, as it is characterized by overall data scarcity. Due to the lack of recent discharge data, the model was calibrated for the period from 1958–1965 (R2 = 0.86, NSE = 0.85, KGE = 0.93) and validated from 1966–1970 (R2 = 0.80, NSE = 0.80, KGE = 0.89) with the sequential uncertainty fitting algorithm (SUFI-2) on a daily resolution. Results show the dependency of the wetland on baseflow contribution from the enclosing catchment, especially in dry season. Main contributions with regard to overall water yield arise from the northern mountains and the southeastern highlands, which are characterized by steep slopes and a high share of forest and savanna vegetation, respectively. Simulations of land use change effects, generated with Landsat images from the 1970s up to 2014, show severe shifts in the water balance components on the subcatchment scale due to anthropogenic activities. Sustainable management of the investigated catchment should therefore account for the catchment–wetland interaction concerning water resources, with a special emphasis on groundwater fluxes to ensure future food production as well as the preservation of the wetland ecosystem.
Kristian Näschen; Bernd Diekkrüger; Constanze Leemhuis; Stefanie Steinbach; Larisa S. Seregina; Frank Thonfeld; Roderick Van Der Linden. Hydrological Modeling in Data-Scarce Catchments: The Kilombero Floodplain in Tanzania. Water 2018, 10, 599 .
AMA StyleKristian Näschen, Bernd Diekkrüger, Constanze Leemhuis, Stefanie Steinbach, Larisa S. Seregina, Frank Thonfeld, Roderick Van Der Linden. Hydrological Modeling in Data-Scarce Catchments: The Kilombero Floodplain in Tanzania. Water. 2018; 10 (5):599.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKristian Näschen; Bernd Diekkrüger; Constanze Leemhuis; Stefanie Steinbach; Larisa S. Seregina; Frank Thonfeld; Roderick Van Der Linden. 2018. "Hydrological Modeling in Data-Scarce Catchments: The Kilombero Floodplain in Tanzania." Water 10, no. 5: 599.
Analyzing the spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture is critical for ecohydrological processes and for sustainable water management studies in wetlands. The characterization of soil moisture dynamics and its influencing factors in agriculturally used wetlands pose a challenge in data-scarce regions such as East Africa. High resolution and good-quality time series soil moisture data are rarely available and gaps are frequent due to measurement constraints and device malfunctioning. Soil water models that integrate meteorological conditions and soil water storage may significantly overcome limitations due to data gaps at a point scale. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if the Hydrus-1D model would adequately simulate soil water dynamics at different hydrological zones of a tropical floodplain in Tanzania, to determine controlling factors for wet and dry periods and to assess soil water availability. The zones of the Kilombero floodplain were segmented as riparian, middle, and fringe along a defined transect. The model was satisfactorily calibrated (coefficient of determination; R2 = 0.54–0.92, root mean square error; RMSE = 0.02–0.11) on a plot scale using measured soil moisture content at soil depths of 10, 20, 30, and 40 cm. Satisfying statistical measures (R2 = 0.36–0.89, RMSE = 0.03–0.13) were obtained when calibrations for one plot were validated with measured soil moisture for another plot within the same hydrological zone. Results show the transferability of the calibrated Hydrus-1D model to predict soil moisture for other plots with similar hydrological conditions. Soil water storage increased towards the riparian zone, at 262.8 mm/a while actual evapotranspiration was highest (1043.9 mm/a) at the fringe. Overbank flow, precipitation, and groundwater control soil moisture dynamics at the riparian and middle zone, while at the fringe zone, rainfall and lateral flow from mountains control soil moisture during the long rainy seasons. In the dry and short rainy seasons, rainfall, soil properties, and atmospheric demands control soil moisture dynamics at the riparian and middle zone. In addition to these factors, depths to groundwater level control soil moisture variability at the fringe zone. Our results support a better understanding of groundwater-soil water interaction, and provide references for wetland conservation and sustainable agricultural water management.
Geofrey Gabiri; Sonja Burghof; Bernd Diekkrüger; Constanze Leemhuis; Stefanie Steinbach; Kristian Näschen. Modeling Spatial Soil Water Dynamics in a Tropical Floodplain, East Africa. Water 2018, 10, 191 .
AMA StyleGeofrey Gabiri, Sonja Burghof, Bernd Diekkrüger, Constanze Leemhuis, Stefanie Steinbach, Kristian Näschen. Modeling Spatial Soil Water Dynamics in a Tropical Floodplain, East Africa. Water. 2018; 10 (2):191.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeofrey Gabiri; Sonja Burghof; Bernd Diekkrüger; Constanze Leemhuis; Stefanie Steinbach; Kristian Näschen. 2018. "Modeling Spatial Soil Water Dynamics in a Tropical Floodplain, East Africa." Water 10, no. 2: 191.
Inadequate knowledge exists on the distribution of soil moisture and shallow groundwater in intensively cultivated inland valley wetlands in tropical environments which are required for determining the hydrological regime. This study investigated the spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture along four hydrological positions segmented as riparian zone, valley bottom, fringe, and valley slope in an agriculturally used inland valley wetland in central Uganda. The determined hydrological regimes of the defined hydrological positions are based on soil moisture deficit calculated from the depth to the groundwater table. For that, the accuracy and reliability of satellite-derived surface models, SRTM-30 m and TanDEM-X-12m, for mapping microscale topography and hydrological regimes is evaluated against a 5m DEM derived from field measurements. Soil moisture and depth to groundwater table were measured using Frequency-Domain-Reflectometry sensors and piezometers installed along the hydrological positions, respectively. Results showed that spatial and temporal variability in soil moisture increased significantly (p<0.05) towards the riparian zone, however, no significant difference was observed between valley bottom and riparian zone. The distribution of soil hydrological regimes, saturated, near and non- saturated regimes does not correlate with the hydrological positions. This is due to high spatial and temporal variability in depth to groundwater and soil moisture content across the valley. Precipitation strongly controlled the temporal variability while microscale topography, soil properties, distance from the stream, anthropogenic factors, and land use controlled the spatial variability in the inland valley. TanDEM-X DEM reasonably mapped the microscale topography and thus soil hydrological regimes than SRTM DEM. The findings of the study contribute to improved understanding of the distribution of hydrological regimes in an inland valley wetland which is required for a better agricultural water management planning.
Geofrey Gabiri; Bernd Diekkrüger; Constanze Leemhuis; Sonja Burghof; Kristian Näschen; Immaculate Asiimwe; Yazidhi Bamutaze. Determining hydrological regimes in an agriculturally used tropical inland valley wetland in Central Uganda using soil moisture, groundwater, and digital elevation data. Hydrological Processes 2018, 32, 349 -362.
AMA StyleGeofrey Gabiri, Bernd Diekkrüger, Constanze Leemhuis, Sonja Burghof, Kristian Näschen, Immaculate Asiimwe, Yazidhi Bamutaze. Determining hydrological regimes in an agriculturally used tropical inland valley wetland in Central Uganda using soil moisture, groundwater, and digital elevation data. Hydrological Processes. 2018; 32 (3):349-362.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeofrey Gabiri; Bernd Diekkrüger; Constanze Leemhuis; Sonja Burghof; Kristian Näschen; Immaculate Asiimwe; Yazidhi Bamutaze. 2018. "Determining hydrological regimes in an agriculturally used tropical inland valley wetland in Central Uganda using soil moisture, groundwater, and digital elevation data." Hydrological Processes 32, no. 3: 349-362.
Analysis and interpretation of soil properties dynamics is a keystone in understanding the hydrologic responses and yield potential of floodplain wetlands. This study characterizes the distribution and spatial trends of selected soil physical properties in the Kilombero floodplain, Tanzania. A total of 76 composite soil samples were taken from 0 to 20 cm and 20 to 40 cm depth in a regular grid design across three hydrological zones, related to flooding intensity defined as fringe, middle, and riparian during the rainy season of 2015. The samples were analyzed for soil texture, bulk density, organic carbon, and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Seasonal soil moisture content was monitored at depths of 10, 20, 30, and 40 cm, using 17 frequency domain reflectometry profile probes type PR2, installed at each hydrological zone for 18 months (March 2015–August 2016). Data were subjected to classical statistical and geostatistical analyses. Results showed significant (p < 0.05) differences in bulk density, texture, soil organic carbon (SOC), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) across the hydrological zones. Bulk density showed a clear increasing trend towards the fringe zone. Mean Ksat was highest at the riparian zone (69.15 cm·d−1), and clay was higher in the riparian (20.3%) and middle (28.7%) zones, whereas fringe had the highest percentage of sand (33.7–35.9%). Geostatistical spatial results indicated that bulk density, silt, and SOC at 0–20 cm had intermediate dependence, whereas other soil properties at both depths had high spatial dependence. Soil moisture content showed a significant (p < 0.05) difference across the hydrological zones. The riparian zone retained the highest soil moisture content compared to the middle and fringe zone. The temporal soil moisture pattern corresponded to rainfall seasonality and at the riparian zone, soil moisture exhibited a convex shape of sloping curve, whereas a concave sloping curve for topsoil and for the middle zone at the subsoil was observed during the start of the dry season. Our results are seen to contribute to a better understanding of the spatial distribution of soil properties and as a reference for soil and water management planning in the floodplain.
Stephen Daniel; Geofrey Gabiri; Fridah Kirimi; Björn Glasner; Kristian Näschen; Constanze Leemhuis; Stefanie Steinbach; Kelvin Mtei. Spatial Distribution of Soil Hydrological Properties in the Kilombero Floodplain, Tanzania. Hydrology 2017, 4, 57 .
AMA StyleStephen Daniel, Geofrey Gabiri, Fridah Kirimi, Björn Glasner, Kristian Näschen, Constanze Leemhuis, Stefanie Steinbach, Kelvin Mtei. Spatial Distribution of Soil Hydrological Properties in the Kilombero Floodplain, Tanzania. Hydrology. 2017; 4 (4):57.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephen Daniel; Geofrey Gabiri; Fridah Kirimi; Björn Glasner; Kristian Näschen; Constanze Leemhuis; Stefanie Steinbach; Kelvin Mtei. 2017. "Spatial Distribution of Soil Hydrological Properties in the Kilombero Floodplain, Tanzania." Hydrology 4, no. 4: 57.
Land Use Land Cover Change (LULCC) has a significant impact on water resources and ecosystems in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). On the basis of three research projects we aim to describe and discuss the potential, uncertainties, synergies and science-policy interfaces of satellite-based integrated research for the Kilombero catchment, comprising one of the major agricultural utilized floodplains in Tanzania. LULCC was quantified at the floodplain and catchment scale analyzing Landsat 5 and Sentinel 2 satellite imagery applying different adapted classification methodologies. LULC maps at the catchment scale serve as spatial input for the distributed, process-based ecohydrological model SWAT (Soil Water Assessment Tool) simulating the changes in the spatial and temporal water balance in runoff components caused by LULCC. The results reveal that over the past 26 years LULCC has significantly altered the floodplain and already shows an impact on the ecosystem by degrading the existing wildlife corridors. On the catchment scale the anomalies of the water balance are still marginal, but with the expected structural changes of the catchment there is an urgent need to increase the public awareness and knowledge of decision makers regarding the effect of the relationship between LULCC, water resources and environmental degradation.
Constanze Leemhuis; Frank Thonfeld; Kristian Näschen; Stefanie Steinbach; Javier Muro; Adrian Strauch; Ander López; Giuseppe Daconto; Ian Games; Bernd Diekkrüger. Sustainability in the Food-Water-Ecosystem Nexus: The Role of Land Use and Land Cover Change for Water Resources and Ecosystems in the Kilombero Wetland, Tanzania. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1513 .
AMA StyleConstanze Leemhuis, Frank Thonfeld, Kristian Näschen, Stefanie Steinbach, Javier Muro, Adrian Strauch, Ander López, Giuseppe Daconto, Ian Games, Bernd Diekkrüger. Sustainability in the Food-Water-Ecosystem Nexus: The Role of Land Use and Land Cover Change for Water Resources and Ecosystems in the Kilombero Wetland, Tanzania. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (9):1513.
Chicago/Turabian StyleConstanze Leemhuis; Frank Thonfeld; Kristian Näschen; Stefanie Steinbach; Javier Muro; Adrian Strauch; Ander López; Giuseppe Daconto; Ian Games; Bernd Diekkrüger. 2017. "Sustainability in the Food-Water-Ecosystem Nexus: The Role of Land Use and Land Cover Change for Water Resources and Ecosystems in the Kilombero Wetland, Tanzania." Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1513.
Wetlands cover an area of approx. 18 Mio ha in the East African countries of Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania, with still a relative small share being used for food production. Current upland agricultural use intensification in these countries due to demographic growth, climate change and globalization effects are leading to an over-exploitation of the resource base, followed by an intensification of agricultural wetland use. We aim on translating, transferring and upscaling knowledge on experimental test-site wetland properties, small-scale hydrological processes, and water related ecosystem services under different types of management from local to national scale. This information gained at the experimental wetland/catchment scale will be embedded as reference data within an East African wetland-catchment data base including catchment physical properties and a regional wetland inventory serving as a base for policy advice and the development of sustainable wetland management strategies.
Constanze Leemhuis; Esther Amler; Bernd Diekkrüger; Geofrey Gabiri; Kristian Näschen. East African wetland-catchment data base for sustainable wetland management. Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 2016, 374, 123 -128.
AMA StyleConstanze Leemhuis, Esther Amler, Bernd Diekkrüger, Geofrey Gabiri, Kristian Näschen. East African wetland-catchment data base for sustainable wetland management. Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences. 2016; 374 ():123-128.
Chicago/Turabian StyleConstanze Leemhuis; Esther Amler; Bernd Diekkrüger; Geofrey Gabiri; Kristian Näschen. 2016. "East African wetland-catchment data base for sustainable wetland management." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 374, no. : 123-128.
The use of East African freshwater wetlands for agriculture has increased in recent decades, raising concerns about potential impacts on wetlands and the long-term sustainability of such land use trends. WET-health is an indicator-based rapid wetland assessment approach developed in South Africa. It allows determining the conditions of wetlands in four assessment modules (hydrology, geomorphology, vegetation, and water quality) by observing the degree of deviation of a wetland from its anticipated natural reference state. We tested the transferability of the WET-health concept for East African inland valley swamps and floodplain wetlands based on 114 assessment units at four study sites. Due to large wetland areas and different environmental settings in East Africa, we modified the original approach using a random selection of assessment units and an assessment scheme based on disturbance types (Appendices A and B). Estimated WET-health impact scores were matched with biophysical and socioeconomic variables using a generalized linear mixed model. Land use included largely undisturbed wetland units occurring side by side with seasonally cropped or grazed units, and drained, permanently cultivated units. A strong differentiation of impact scores between the four assessment modules was apparent with highest scores for vegetation and lowest scores for geomorphology. Vegetation and water quality responded most sensitively to land use changes. The magnitude of wetland disturbance is predominantly determined by management factors such as land use intensity, soil tillage, drainage intensity, and the application of agrochemicals and influences vegetation attributes and the provision of ecosystem services. The proposed modification of WET-health enables users to assess large wetland areas during relatively short periods of time. While further studies will be required, WET-health appears to be a promising concept to be applied to wetlands in East Africa and possibly beyond.
Sonja Beuel; Miguel Alvarez; Esther Amler; Kai Behn; Donovan Kotze; Christine Kreye; Constanze Leemhuis; Katrin Wagner; Daniel Kyalo Willy; Susanne Ziegler; Mathias Becker. A rapid assessment of anthropogenic disturbances in East African wetlands. Ecological Indicators 2016, 67, 684 -692.
AMA StyleSonja Beuel, Miguel Alvarez, Esther Amler, Kai Behn, Donovan Kotze, Christine Kreye, Constanze Leemhuis, Katrin Wagner, Daniel Kyalo Willy, Susanne Ziegler, Mathias Becker. A rapid assessment of anthropogenic disturbances in East African wetlands. Ecological Indicators. 2016; 67 ():684-692.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSonja Beuel; Miguel Alvarez; Esther Amler; Kai Behn; Donovan Kotze; Christine Kreye; Constanze Leemhuis; Katrin Wagner; Daniel Kyalo Willy; Susanne Ziegler; Mathias Becker. 2016. "A rapid assessment of anthropogenic disturbances in East African wetlands." Ecological Indicators 67, no. : 684-692.
In the Volta Basin, infrastructure watershed development with respect to the impact of climate conditions is hotly debated due to the lack of adequate tools to model the consequences of such development. There is an ongoing debate on the impact of further development of small and medium scale reservoirs on the water level of Lake Volta, which is essential for hydropower generation at the Akosombo power plant. The GLOWA Volta Project (GVP) has developed a Volta Basin Water Allocation System (VB-WAS), a decision support tool that allows assessing the impact of infrastructure development in the basin on the availability of current and future water resources, given the current or future climate conditions. The simulated historic and future discharge time series of the joint climate-hydrological modeling approach (MM5/WaSiM-ETH) serve as input data for a river basin management model (MIKE BASIN). MIKE BASIN uses a network approach, and allows fast simulations of water allocation and of the consequences of different development scenarios on the available water resources. The impact of the expansion of small and medium scale reservoirs on the stored volume of Lake Volta has been quantified and assessed in comparison with the impact of climate variability on the water resources of the basin.
C. Leemhuis; G. Jung; R. Kasei; J. Liebe. The Volta Basin Water Allocation System: assessing the impact of small-scale reservoir development on the water resources of the Volta basin, West Africa. Advances in Geosciences 2009, 21, 57 -62.
AMA StyleC. Leemhuis, G. Jung, R. Kasei, J. Liebe. The Volta Basin Water Allocation System: assessing the impact of small-scale reservoir development on the water resources of the Volta basin, West Africa. Advances in Geosciences. 2009; 21 ():57-62.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC. Leemhuis; G. Jung; R. Kasei; J. Liebe. 2009. "The Volta Basin Water Allocation System: assessing the impact of small-scale reservoir development on the water resources of the Volta basin, West Africa." Advances in Geosciences 21, no. : 57-62.
Project: The Impact of ENSO on Sustainable Water Management and the Decision-Making Community at a Rainforest Margin in Indonesia (IMPENSO), http://www.gwdg.de/~impenso, subproject B: The impact of ENSO on the water resources.Project duration: 01.09.2001 - 31.08.2006Funded by German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the German Climate Research Program DEKLIM, http://www.deklim.de
Constanze Leemhuis. Daily mean surface meteorology at station Berdikari. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleConstanze Leemhuis. Daily mean surface meteorology at station Berdikari. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleConstanze Leemhuis. 2021. "Daily mean surface meteorology at station Berdikari." , no. : 1.
Project: The Impact of ENSO on Sustainable Water Management and the Decision-Making Community at a Rainforest Margin in Indonesia (IMPENSO), http://www.gwdg.de/~impenso, subproject B: The impact of ENSO on the water resources.Project duration: 01.09.2001 - 31.08.2006Funded by German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the German Climate Research Program DEKLIM, http://www.deklim.de
Constanze Leemhuis. Daily mean river discharge at gauging station Gumbasa. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleConstanze Leemhuis. Daily mean river discharge at gauging station Gumbasa. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleConstanze Leemhuis. 2021. "Daily mean river discharge at gauging station Gumbasa." , no. : 1.
Project: The Impact of ENSO on Sustainable Water Management and the Decision-Making Community at a Rainforest Margin in Indonesia (IMPENSO), http://www.gwdg.de/~impenso, subproject B: The impact of ENSO on the water resources.Project duration: 01.09.2001 - 31.08.2006Funded by German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the German Climate Research Program DEKLIM, http://www.deklim.de
Constanze Leemhuis. Daily mean surface meteorology at station Tongoa. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleConstanze Leemhuis. Daily mean surface meteorology at station Tongoa. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleConstanze Leemhuis. 2021. "Daily mean surface meteorology at station Tongoa." , no. : 1.
Project: The Impact of ENSO on Sustainable Water Management and the Decision-Making Community at a Rainforest Margin in Indonesia (IMPENSO), http://www.gwdg.de/~impenso, subproject B: The impact of ENSO on the water resources.Project duration: 01.09.2001 - 31.08.2006Funded by German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the German Climate Research Program DEKLIM, http://www.deklim.de
Constanze Leemhuis. Daily mean surface meteorology at station Maranata. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleConstanze Leemhuis. Daily mean surface meteorology at station Maranata. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleConstanze Leemhuis. 2021. "Daily mean surface meteorology at station Maranata." , no. : 1.
Project: The Impact of ENSO on Sustainable Water Management and the Decision-Making Community at a Rainforest Margin in Indonesia (IMPENSO), http://www.gwdg.de/~impenso, subproject B: The impact of ENSO on the water resources.Project duration: 01.09.2001 - 31.08.2006Funded by German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the German Climate Research Program DEKLIM, http://www.deklim.de
Constanze Leemhuis. Daily mean surface meteorology at station Bolapapu. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleConstanze Leemhuis. Daily mean surface meteorology at station Bolapapu. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleConstanze Leemhuis. 2021. "Daily mean surface meteorology at station Bolapapu." , no. : 1.
Project: The Impact of ENSO on Sustainable Water Management and the Decision-Making Community at a Rainforest Margin in Indonesia (IMPENSO), http://www.gwdg.de/~impenso, subproject B: The impact of ENSO on the water resources.Project duration: 01.09.2001 - 31.08.2006Funded by German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the German Climate Research Program DEKLIM, http://www.deklim.de
Constanze Leemhuis. Daily mean surface meteorology at station Tomado. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleConstanze Leemhuis. Daily mean surface meteorology at station Tomado. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleConstanze Leemhuis. 2021. "Daily mean surface meteorology at station Tomado." , no. : 1.
Project: The Impact of ENSO on Sustainable Water Management and the Decision-Making Community at a Rainforest Margin in Indonesia (IMPENSO), http://www.gwdg.de/~impenso, subproject B: The impact of ENSO on the water resources.Project duration: 01.09.2001 - 31.08.2006Funded by German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the German Climate Research Program DEKLIM, http://www.deklim.de
Constanze Leemhuis. Daily mean river discharge at gauging station Sopu. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleConstanze Leemhuis. Daily mean river discharge at gauging station Sopu. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleConstanze Leemhuis. 2021. "Daily mean river discharge at gauging station Sopu." , no. : 1.
Project: The Impact of ENSO on Sustainable Water Management and the Decision-Making Community at a Rainforest Margin in Indonesia (IMPENSO), http://www.gwdg.de/~impenso, subproject B: The impact of ENSO on the water resources.Project duration: 01.09.2001 - 31.08.2006Funded by German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the German Climate Research Program DEKLIM, http://www.deklim.de
Constanze Leemhuis. Daily mean surface meteorology at station Sintuwu. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleConstanze Leemhuis. Daily mean surface meteorology at station Sintuwu. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleConstanze Leemhuis. 2021. "Daily mean surface meteorology at station Sintuwu." , no. : 1.
Project: The Impact of ENSO on Sustainable Water Management and the Decision-Making Community at a Rainforest Margin in Indonesia (IMPENSO), http://www.gwdg.de/~impenso, subproject B: The impact of ENSO on the water resources.Project duration: 01.09.2001 - 31.08.2006Funded by German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the German Climate Research Program DEKLIM, http://www.deklim.de
Constanze Leemhuis. Daily mean surface meteorology at station Salua. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleConstanze Leemhuis. Daily mean surface meteorology at station Salua. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleConstanze Leemhuis. 2021. "Daily mean surface meteorology at station Salua." , no. : 1.
Project: The Impact of ENSO on Sustainable Water Management and the Decision-Making Community at a Rainforest Margin in Indonesia (IMPENSO), http://www.gwdg.de/~impenso, subproject B: The impact of ENSO on the water resources.Project duration: 01.09.2001 - 31.08.2006Funded by German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the German Climate Research Program DEKLIM, http://www.deklim.de
Constanze Leemhuis. Daily mean surface meteorology at station Sidondo II. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleConstanze Leemhuis. Daily mean surface meteorology at station Sidondo II. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleConstanze Leemhuis. 2021. "Daily mean surface meteorology at station Sidondo II." , no. : 1.
Project: The Impact of ENSO on Sustainable Water Management and the Decision-Making Community at a Rainforest Margin in Indonesia (IMPENSO), http://www.gwdg.de/~impenso, subproject B: The impact of ENSO on the water resources.Project duration: 01.09.2001 - 31.08.2006Funded by German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the German Climate Research Program DEKLIM, http://www.deklim.de
Constanze Leemhuis. Daily mean river discharge at gauging station Danau Lindu. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleConstanze Leemhuis. Daily mean river discharge at gauging station Danau Lindu. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleConstanze Leemhuis. 2021. "Daily mean river discharge at gauging station Danau Lindu." , no. : 1.