Fresh groundwater, as an essential component of global water resources and a special type of mineral wealth, has a whole set of features that affect social infrastructure, the economy and the environmental well-being of the population. At the same time, groundwater is vulnerable and limited despite its replenishable nature and vast reserves. Recently, in some countries, the practice of extracting groundwater resources by private individuals on their territory has been actively spreading, but not in all states. This is considered acceptable and is enshrined in national regulations. Uncontrolled exploitation of aquifers by small water users can affect the safety of ecosystems and the depletion of drinking groundwater reserves. In this regard, the state policy and system for regulating access to groundwater resources for all subsoil users should be based on a well-thought-out concept. This article is devoted to the organizational, economic, and regulatory issues of groundwater extraction by individuals for their own needs in the Russian Federation. A comparative analysis of the state approach to groundwater extraction by private individuals in other states (mainly in the example of Germany and China) is made. The latest trends in legislation in this area are analyzed, shortcomings in the system of state regulation of groundwater use are identified, and mechanisms for legalizing the activities of individual water users are proposed. Global groundwater regulation should be based on rationality, control, safety, protection, sustainability, and future generations’ care.

Digitalization and automation of technological processes are two of the leading trends in the development of information technology. The industrial Internet of Things (IOT) is the future of every field with complex and multicomponent technological processes. The possibility of full automation implies the interaction of a large number of different technologies and methods, one of which is mathematical modeling. The mathematical model allows formalizing the representation of any object, which is essential in the development of control systems. One of the most effective options for using this method is the mathematical description of natural objects. An important feature is that with the use of mathematics, it is possible to describe not only the geometric parameters of the object but also the dynamics of changes in the parameters of the object with respect to the input influences. This paper proposes to develop a conceptual model of an oil field that can reflect and predict changes in the reservoir under the conditions of changes in the parameters of the field operation mode. The study presents the process of determining and selecting the most significant parameters for modeling and presents a draft mathematical model of the oil field as a system of equations for the most significant parameters of the oil field.

Sustainable development is an integral part of the modern world. However, sustainable development is impossible without rational, environmentally and economically efficient use of resources. In the process of construction and operation of underground structures (mines, subway stations, subway parking lots, etc.) there are many factors that cannot be taken into account at the design stage. These factors have a negative impact on the durability of use, economic profitability of operation, etc. In this paper, the authors used the theory of system analysis to form and optimize the factors affecting underground structures. They identify the relevant regularities and interrelationships. They determine the list of the most important factors based on the peculiarities of a particular object of study. They build a conceptual and then a mathematical model. In the practical part of the study, the authors model the temperature field formed in a horizontal mine. They compared the obtained results with the modeling results presented by others and showed the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. A distinctive feature of this work is the proposed methodology for assessing the factors affecting sustainable development. This methodology is universal and can be applied to assess the sustainable development of any management object.