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H. Zheng
State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

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Original article
Published: 11 June 2021 in Journal of Mountain Science
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Climate change influences both ecosystems and ecosystem services. The impacts of climate change on ecosystems and ecosystem services have been separately documented. However, it is less well known how ecosystem changes driven by climate change will influence ecosystem services, especially in climate-sensitive regions. Here, we analyzed future climate trends between 2040 and 2100 under four Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios (SSP1–2.6, SSP2–4.5, SSP3–7.0, and SSP5–8.5) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6). We quantified their impacts on ecosystems patterns and on the ecosystem service of sandstorm prevention on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), one of the most climate-sensitive regions in the world, using Random Forest model (RF) and Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ). Strong warming (0.04°C/yr) and wetting (0.65 mm/yr) trends were projected from 2015 to 2100. Under these trends, there will be increased interspersion in the pattern of grassland and sparse vegetation with meadow and swamp vegetation, although their overall area will remain similar, while the areas of shrub and needle-leaved forest classes will increase and move toward higher altitudes. Driven by the changes in ecosystem patterns caused by climate change indirectly, grassland will play an irreplaceable role in providing sandstorm prevention services, and sandstorm prevention services will increase gradually from 2040 to 2100 (1.059–1.070 billion tons) on the QTP. However, some areas show a risk of deterioration in the future and these should be the focus of ecological rehabilitation. Our research helps to understand the cascading relationship among climate change, ecosystem patterns and ecosystem services, which provides important spatio-temporal information for future ecosystem service management.

ACS Style

Nan Meng; Yan-Zheng Yang; Hua Zheng; Ruo-Nan Li. Climate change indirectly enhances sandstorm prevention services by altering ecosystem patterns on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Journal of Mountain Science 2021, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Nan Meng, Yan-Zheng Yang, Hua Zheng, Ruo-Nan Li. Climate change indirectly enhances sandstorm prevention services by altering ecosystem patterns on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Journal of Mountain Science. 2021; ():1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nan Meng; Yan-Zheng Yang; Hua Zheng; Ruo-Nan Li. 2021. "Climate change indirectly enhances sandstorm prevention services by altering ecosystem patterns on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau." Journal of Mountain Science , no. : 1-15.

Journal article
Published: 08 June 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The heating degree days (HDDs) could indicate the climate impact on energy consumption and thermal environment conditions effectively during the winter season. Nevertheless, studies on the spatial-temporal changes in global HDDs and their determinants are scarce. This study used multi-source data and several methods to explore the rules of the spatial distribution of global HDDs and their interannual changes over the past 49 years and some critical determinants. The results show that global HDDs generally became larger in regions with higher latitudes and altitudes. Most global change rates of HDDs were negative (p< 0.10) and decreased to a greater extent in areas with higher latitudes. Most global HDDs showed sustainability trends in the future. Both the HDDs and their change rates were significantly partially correlated with latitude, altitude, mean albedo, and EVI during winter, annual mean PM2.5 concentration, and nighttime light intensity (p = 0.000). The HDDs and their change rates could be simulated well by the machine learning method. Their RMSEs were 564.08 °C * days and 3.59 °C * days * year−1, respectively. Our findings could support the scientific response to climate warming, the construction of living environments, sustainable development, etc.

ACS Style

Yuanzheng Li; Jinyuan Li; Ao Xu; Zhizhi Feng; Chanjuan Hu; Guosong Zhao. Spatial-Temporal Changes and Associated Determinants of Global Heating Degree Days. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 6186 .

AMA Style

Yuanzheng Li, Jinyuan Li, Ao Xu, Zhizhi Feng, Chanjuan Hu, Guosong Zhao. Spatial-Temporal Changes and Associated Determinants of Global Heating Degree Days. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (12):6186.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuanzheng Li; Jinyuan Li; Ao Xu; Zhizhi Feng; Chanjuan Hu; Guosong Zhao. 2021. "Spatial-Temporal Changes and Associated Determinants of Global Heating Degree Days." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6186.

Regular article
Published: 11 May 2021 in Plant and Soil
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High-diversity communities may mitigate the impact of environmental changes on soil erosion owing to the compositional, structural, and functional diversity of their species. In this field study, we explored the relative contributions of these biodiversity components to soil erosion and the mitigating effects of each index under environmental changes (e.g., rainfall intensity). We investigated the compositional (species diversity and evenness), structural (tree diameter and height diversity), and functional diversity (functional richness, evenness, and divergence) of 12 plant communities on Hainan Island, where biodiversity loss is severe. We measured soil erosion in each community using erosion plots under different rainfall intensities. The direction and relative contribution of biodiversity indices to soil erosion were analyzed. Except for the functional evenness, high values of biodiversity indices were associated with significantly reduced soil erosion regardless of rainfall intensity, and the relative contribution of tree height diversity was greater than that of other biodiversity indices. In addition, multiple biodiversity factors alleviated the adverse effects of increased rainfall intensity on soil erosion, but plant structural diversity had a greater positive effect than compositional and functional diversity, predominantly because of tree height diversity. The results confirmed that the consideration of multiple biodiversity components provides an improved understanding of the relationship between biodiversity loss and soil erosion. We emphasize that protection of tree height diversity may not only effectively reduce current soil erosion, but also resist the adverse impact of increased rainfall intensity on soil erosion in the future.

ACS Style

Zhi Wen; Hua Zheng; He Zhao; Lei Liu; Zhiyun Ouyang. Species compositional, structural and functional diversity exerts different effects on soil erosion caused by increased rainfall intensity in Chinese tropical forests. Plant and Soil 2021, 465, 97 -108.

AMA Style

Zhi Wen, Hua Zheng, He Zhao, Lei Liu, Zhiyun Ouyang. Species compositional, structural and functional diversity exerts different effects on soil erosion caused by increased rainfall intensity in Chinese tropical forests. Plant and Soil. 2021; 465 (1-2):97-108.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhi Wen; Hua Zheng; He Zhao; Lei Liu; Zhiyun Ouyang. 2021. "Species compositional, structural and functional diversity exerts different effects on soil erosion caused by increased rainfall intensity in Chinese tropical forests." Plant and Soil 465, no. 1-2: 97-108.

Erratum
Published: 20 April 2021 in Sustainability
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The authors would like to make the following correction about the published paper

ACS Style

Wenjing Wang; Tong Wu; Yuanzheng Li; Shilin Xie; Baolong Han; Hua Zheng; Zhiyun Ouyang. Erratum: Wang et al. Urbanization Impacts on Natural Habitat and Ecosystem Services in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao “Megacity”. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6675. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4580 .

AMA Style

Wenjing Wang, Tong Wu, Yuanzheng Li, Shilin Xie, Baolong Han, Hua Zheng, Zhiyun Ouyang. Erratum: Wang et al. Urbanization Impacts on Natural Habitat and Ecosystem Services in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao “Megacity”. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6675. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4580.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenjing Wang; Tong Wu; Yuanzheng Li; Shilin Xie; Baolong Han; Hua Zheng; Zhiyun Ouyang. 2021. "Erratum: Wang et al. Urbanization Impacts on Natural Habitat and Ecosystem Services in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao “Megacity”. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6675." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4580.

Research article
Published: 31 March 2021 in Science Advances
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In response to extreme societal consequences of ecosystem degradation and climate change, attention to ecological restoration is increasing globally. In China, investments in restoration exceeded USD 378.5 billion over the past decade. However, restoration programs are experiments that can cause marked unintended consequences, with trade-offs across space and time that have undergone little empirical examination. We quantified the long-term effects of large-scale afforestation for soil erosion and sandstorm prevention in semiarid China. We found that soil erosion was notably reduced by afforestation but surface runoff declined significantly, after a time lag of 18 years, limiting overall benefit. While forest area also increased, forest quality declined, interacting with reduced surface water runoff. Crucially, increased forest water consumption accelerated downstream groundwater depletion, thus intensifying conflicts over water use. The time lags and spatial trade-offs revealed by this case study provide critical lessons for large-scale restoration programs globally.

ACS Style

Ruonan Li; Hua Zheng; Patrick O’Connor; Huashan Xu; Yunkai Li; Fei Lu; Brian E. Robinson; Zhiyun Ouyang; Yue Hai; Gretchen C. Daily. Time and space catch up with restoration programs that ignore ecosystem service trade-offs. Science Advances 2021, 7, eabf8650 .

AMA Style

Ruonan Li, Hua Zheng, Patrick O’Connor, Huashan Xu, Yunkai Li, Fei Lu, Brian E. Robinson, Zhiyun Ouyang, Yue Hai, Gretchen C. Daily. Time and space catch up with restoration programs that ignore ecosystem service trade-offs. Science Advances. 2021; 7 (14):eabf8650.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruonan Li; Hua Zheng; Patrick O’Connor; Huashan Xu; Yunkai Li; Fei Lu; Brian E. Robinson; Zhiyun Ouyang; Yue Hai; Gretchen C. Daily. 2021. "Time and space catch up with restoration programs that ignore ecosystem service trade-offs." Science Advances 7, no. 14: eabf8650.

Journal article
Published: 26 February 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Shortfalls and mismatches between the supply and demand of ecosystem services (ES) can be detrimental to human wellbeing. Studies focused on these problems have increased in recent decades, but few have applied land use optimization to reduce such spatial mismatches. This study developed a methodology to identify ES mismatches and then use these mismatches as objectives for land use optimization. The methodology was applied to the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao “Greater Bay Area” (GBA), a megacity of over 70 million people and one of the world’s largest urban agglomerations. Considering the demand for a healthy and secure living environment among city-dwellers, we focused on three ES: heat mitigation, flood mitigation, and recreational services. The results showed large spatial heterogeneity in supply and demand for these three ES. However, compared to current conditions in the GBA, our model showed that optimized land use allocation could better match the supply and demand for heat mitigation (number of beneficiaries increased by 15%), flood mitigation (amount of population exposed to flood damage decreased by 37%), and recreation (number of beneficiaries increased by 14%). By integrating land use allocation and spatial mismatch analysis, this methodology provides a feasible way to align ES supply and demand to advance urban and regional sustainability.

ACS Style

Wenjing Wang; Tong Wu; Yuanzheng Li; Hua Zheng; Zhiyun Ouyang. Matching Ecosystem Services Supply and Demand through Land Use Optimization: A Study of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Megacity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 2324 .

AMA Style

Wenjing Wang, Tong Wu, Yuanzheng Li, Hua Zheng, Zhiyun Ouyang. Matching Ecosystem Services Supply and Demand through Land Use Optimization: A Study of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Megacity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (5):2324.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenjing Wang; Tong Wu; Yuanzheng Li; Hua Zheng; Zhiyun Ouyang. 2021. "Matching Ecosystem Services Supply and Demand through Land Use Optimization: A Study of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Megacity." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5: 2324.

Journal article
Published: 23 February 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Human disturbance and vegetation are known to affect soil microorganisms. However, the interacting effects of pavement and plant species on soil bacterial communities have received far less attention. In this study, we collected soil samples from pine (Pinus tabuliformis Carr.), ash (Fraxinus chinensis), and maple (Acer truncatum Bunge) stands that grew in impervious, pervious, and no pavement blocks to investigate the way pavement, tree species, and their interaction influence soil bacterial communities by modifying soil physicochemical properties. Soil bacterial community composition and diversity were evaluated by bacterial 16S amplicon sequencing. The results demonstrated that soil bacterial community composition and diversity did differ significantly across pavements, but not with tree species. The difference in soil bacterial community composition across pavements was greater in pine stands than ash and maple stands. Soil bacterial diversity and richness indices decreased beneath impervious pavement in pine stands, and only bacterial richness indices decreased markedly in ash stands, but neither showed a significant difference across pavements in maple stands. In addition, bacterial diversity did not differ dramatically between pervious pavement and no pavement soil. Taken together, these results suggest that pavement overwhelmed the effects of tree species on soil bacterial communities, and had a greater effect on soil bacterial communities in pine stands, followed by ash and maple stands. This study highlights the importance of anthropogenic disturbance, such as pavement, which affects soil microbial communities.

ACS Style

Yinhong Hu; Weiwei Yu; Bowen Cui; Yuanyuan Chen; Hua Zheng; Xiaoke Wang. Pavement Overrides the Effects of Tree Species on Soil Bacterial Communities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 2168 .

AMA Style

Yinhong Hu, Weiwei Yu, Bowen Cui, Yuanyuan Chen, Hua Zheng, Xiaoke Wang. Pavement Overrides the Effects of Tree Species on Soil Bacterial Communities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (4):2168.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yinhong Hu; Weiwei Yu; Bowen Cui; Yuanyuan Chen; Hua Zheng; Xiaoke Wang. 2021. "Pavement Overrides the Effects of Tree Species on Soil Bacterial Communities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 2168.

Journal article
Published: 24 December 2020 in Forests
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The carbon use efficiency (CUE) of ecosystems, expressed as the ratio of net primary production (NPP) and gross primary production (GPP), is extremely sensitive to climate change and has a great effect on the carbon cycles of terrestrial ecosystems. Climate change leads to changes in vegetation, resulting in different CUE values, especially on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, one of the most climate-sensitive regions in the world. However, the change trend and the intrinsic mechanism of climate effects on CUE in the future climate change scenario are not clear in this region. Based on the scheme of the coupled model intercomparison project (CMIP6), we analyze the simulation results of the five models of the scenario model intercomparison project (ScenarioMIP) under three different typical future climate scenarios, including SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5, on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in 2015–2100 with methods of model-averaging to average the long-term forecast of the five several well-known forecast models for three alternative climate scenarios with three radiative forcing levels to discuss the CUE changes and a structural equations modeling (SEM) approach to examine how the trends in GPP, NPP, and CUE related to different climate factors. The results show that (1) GPP and NPP demonstrated an upward trend in a long time series of 86 years, and the upward trend became increasingly substantial with the increase in radiation forcing; (2) the ecosystem CUE of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau will decrease in the long time series in the future, and it shows a substantial decreasing trend with the increase in radiation forcing; and (3) the dominant climate factor affecting CUE is temperature of the factors included in these models, which affects CUE mainly through GPP and NPP to produce indirect effects. Temperature has a higher comprehensive effect on CUE than precipitation and CO2, which are negative effects on CUE on an annual scale. Our finding that the CUE decreases in the future suggests that we must pay more attention to the vegetation and CUE changes, which will produce great effects on the regional carbon dynamics and balance.

ACS Style

Yue Wang; Jinming Hu; Yanzheng Yang; Ruonan Li; Changhui Peng; Hua Zheng. Climate Change Will Reduce the Carbon Use Efficiency of Terrestrial Ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: An Analysis Based on Multiple Models. Forests 2020, 12, 12 .

AMA Style

Yue Wang, Jinming Hu, Yanzheng Yang, Ruonan Li, Changhui Peng, Hua Zheng. Climate Change Will Reduce the Carbon Use Efficiency of Terrestrial Ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: An Analysis Based on Multiple Models. Forests. 2020; 12 (1):12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yue Wang; Jinming Hu; Yanzheng Yang; Ruonan Li; Changhui Peng; Hua Zheng. 2020. "Climate Change Will Reduce the Carbon Use Efficiency of Terrestrial Ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: An Analysis Based on Multiple Models." Forests 12, no. 1: 12.

Review
Published: 23 December 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The world is faced with significant climate change, rapid urbanization, massive energy consumption, and tremendous pressure to reduce greenhouse gases. Building heating and cooling is one primary source of energy consumption and anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. First, this review presents previous studies that estimate the specific amount of climate change impact on building heating and cooling energy consumption, using the statistical method, physical model method, comprehensive assessment model method, and the combination method of statistical and physical model methods. Then, because the heating and cooling degree days indices can simply and reliably indicate the effects of climate on building heating and cooling energy consumption, previous studies were reviewed from the aspects of heating and cooling degree days indices, regional spatial-temporal variations in degree days and related indices, influencing factors of the spatial distributions of degree days, and the impacts of urbanization on degree days. Finally, several potential key issues or research directions were presented according to the research gaps or fields that need to be studied further in the future, such as developing methods to simply and accurately estimate the specified amounts of climate change impact on building cooling and heating energy consumption; using more effective methods to analyze the daytime, nighttime, and all-day spatial-temporal changes in different seasons in the past and future under various environment contexts by considering not only the air temperature but also the relative humidity, solar radiation, population, etc., and further exploring the corresponding more kinds of driving forces, including the various remotely sensed indices, albedo, nighttime light intensity, etc.; estimating the daytime, nighttime, and all-day impacts of urbanization on heating degree days (HDDs), cooling degree days (CDDs), and their sum (HDDs + CDDs) for vast cities in different environmental contexts at the station site, city, regional and global scales; producing and sharing of the related datasets; and analyzing the subsequent effects induced by climate change on the energy consumption for building heating and cooling, etc.

ACS Style

Yuanzheng Li; Wenjing Wang; Yating Wang; Yashu Xin; Tian He; Guosong Zhao. A Review of Studies Involving the Effects of Climate Change on the Energy Consumption for Building Heating and Cooling. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 18, 40 .

AMA Style

Yuanzheng Li, Wenjing Wang, Yating Wang, Yashu Xin, Tian He, Guosong Zhao. A Review of Studies Involving the Effects of Climate Change on the Energy Consumption for Building Heating and Cooling. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 18 (1):40.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuanzheng Li; Wenjing Wang; Yating Wang; Yashu Xin; Tian He; Guosong Zhao. 2020. "A Review of Studies Involving the Effects of Climate Change on the Energy Consumption for Building Heating and Cooling." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1: 40.

Journal article
Published: 25 August 2020 in Sustainability
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In the context of general household energy transition, identifying different household energy consumption patterns is of great significance for the formulation of refined energy conservation and emission reduction policies. For historical reasons, the households of ethnic minorities in China tend to face more severe energy poverty problems. In this study, we proposed the concept and research method of characteristic energy, a new method to depict household energy use pattern. Combined with the diversity analysis, the energy use pattern of Tujia and Miao rural households in Chongqing, China, were studied. Households in research area were clustered into four groups with different characteristic energy sources: firewood, electricity, coal and gasoline, representing four types of household energy use pattern. The main impact factors of rural household energy use pattern are electrical appliances and amount of pig raising, indicating that household production and lifestyle play a decisive role in household energy use patterns. In addition, the research depicts the energy consumption characteristics of rural households with different incomes, ethnic groups and in different regions. The study puts forward corresponding energy saving countermeasures for different energy use pattern, helps to identify the heterogeneity of rural household energy use and promote the formulation of refined regional energy conservation and emission reduction policies.

ACS Style

Shuxin Mao; Sha Qiu; Tao Li; Mingfang Tang; Hongbing Deng; Hua Zheng. Using Characteristic Energy to Study Rural Ethnic Minorities’ Household Energy Consumption and Its Impact Factors in Chongqing, China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6898 .

AMA Style

Shuxin Mao, Sha Qiu, Tao Li, Mingfang Tang, Hongbing Deng, Hua Zheng. Using Characteristic Energy to Study Rural Ethnic Minorities’ Household Energy Consumption and Its Impact Factors in Chongqing, China. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (17):6898.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shuxin Mao; Sha Qiu; Tao Li; Mingfang Tang; Hongbing Deng; Hua Zheng. 2020. "Using Characteristic Energy to Study Rural Ethnic Minorities’ Household Energy Consumption and Its Impact Factors in Chongqing, China." Sustainability 12, no. 17: 6898.

Journal article
Published: 18 August 2020 in Sustainability
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The population aggregation and built-up area expansion caused by urbanization can have significant impacts on the supply and distribution of crucial ecosystem services. The correlation between urbanization and ecosystem services has been well-studied, but additional research is needed to better understand the spatiotemporal interactions between ecosystem services and urbanization processes in highly urbanized areas as well as surrounding rural areas. In this paper, the relationships of urbanization with natural habitat and three key regulating ecosystem services—water retention, soil conservation, and carbon sequestration, were quantified and mapped for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), a rapidly developing urban agglomeration of over 70 million people, for the period of 2000–2018. Our results showed that urbanization caused a general decline in ecosystem services, and urbanization and ecosystem services exhibited a negative spatial correlation. However, this relationship varied along urban-rural gradients and weak decoupling was the overall trend during the course of the study period, indicating a greater need for the protection and improvement of ecosystem services. Our results provide instructive insights for new urbanization planning to maintain regional ecosystem services and sustainable development in the GBA and other large, rapidly urbanized agglomerations.

ACS Style

Wenjing Wang; Tong Wu; Yuanzheng Li; Shilin Xie; Baolong Han; Li Yuanzheng; Zhiyun Ouyang. Urbanization Impacts on Natural Habitat and Ecosystem Services in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao “Megacity”. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6675 .

AMA Style

Wenjing Wang, Tong Wu, Yuanzheng Li, Shilin Xie, Baolong Han, Li Yuanzheng, Zhiyun Ouyang. Urbanization Impacts on Natural Habitat and Ecosystem Services in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao “Megacity”. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (16):6675.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenjing Wang; Tong Wu; Yuanzheng Li; Shilin Xie; Baolong Han; Li Yuanzheng; Zhiyun Ouyang. 2020. "Urbanization Impacts on Natural Habitat and Ecosystem Services in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao “Megacity”." Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6675.

Journal article
Published: 17 May 2020 in Forests
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Specific forest restoration aims to maximum ecosystem services (ESs); however, the complex trade-offs among ecosystem services pose considerable challenges for fulfilling such goals. Based on forest restoration on Hainan Island, China, we integrated spatially explicit models of ecosystem services and spatial prioritization techniques based on the efficiency frontier between habitat quality and plantation revenue to analyze the impacts of decision-makers’ preferences on optimal configurations of forest restoration. We then investigated the effects of different optimal restoration schemes on water purification, soil retention, carbon sequestration, and coastal hazard mitigation. Based on our results, plantation revenue and habitat quality exhibited an obvious trade-off during the process of restoration. Forest restoration patterns also varied with the degree of preference for plantation yield or habitat quality, indicating that understanding ecosystem service tradeoffs can support the optimal selection of forest restoration schemes under different preferences. However, when the values of multiple ecosystem services associated with forest restoration were considered (e.g., water purification, soil retention, carbon sequestration, and coastal hazard mitigation), the optimal solution choice varied. Our results suggest the application of the efficiency frontier can deepen quantitative understanding of ecosystem service trade-offs, and the addition of multi-benefit evaluation based on optimal solutions can provide a more detailed and broader picture of forest restoration plans. Integrated efficiency frontier assessment with the valuation of ecosystem services associated with forest restoration provides a quantitative approach for optimal forest restoration, which can be applied in broad forest restoration programs.

ACS Style

Ruida Li; Ruonan Li; Hua Zheng; Yanzheng Yang; Zhiyun Ouyang. Quantifying Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs to Inform Spatial Identification of Forest Restoration. Forests 2020, 11, 563 .

AMA Style

Ruida Li, Ruonan Li, Hua Zheng, Yanzheng Yang, Zhiyun Ouyang. Quantifying Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs to Inform Spatial Identification of Forest Restoration. Forests. 2020; 11 (5):563.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruida Li; Ruonan Li; Hua Zheng; Yanzheng Yang; Zhiyun Ouyang. 2020. "Quantifying Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs to Inform Spatial Identification of Forest Restoration." Forests 11, no. 5: 563.

Journal article
Published: 11 May 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Ecological compensation is a crucial policy instrument that realigns the benefits of stakeholders to the ecosystem service provision. However, the spatial disconnections between locations where ecosystem services produced and used are common. The supply and demand for ecosystem services are calculated to reflect the status of the districts or counties based on ecosystem service flows. The replacement cost methods provide necessary technical supports for the calculation of compensation funds. The realigning of compensation funds between service-benefiting areas and service-providing areas not only identifies the beneficiaries and suppliers but also realizes the connection between them, which may be a feasible methodology. Fuzhou City is the study area, and two ecosystem services of water conservation and soil retention were taken into consideration. The prioritized development zone, Linchuan, and the key agricultural production zones paid ecological compensation funds. Linchuan paid the highest, 5.76 billion yuan. The key ecological function zones and the key agricultural production zones received the ecological compensation funds, of which Yihuang obtained the highest, 1.66 billion yuan. The realigning of compensation funds between the service benefiting and providing areas addresses the trade-offs between ecosystem services, social development, and ecosystem protection. Embedding the ecosystem service flows into the ecological compensation mechanism can most truly realize the value of ecosystem services, achieve the “beneficiary pays” principle, and be conducive to regional sustainable development.

ACS Style

Xiaolong Gao; Binbin Huang; Ying Hou; Weihua Xu; Hua Zheng; Dongchun Ma; Zhiyun Ouyang. Using Ecosystem Service Flows to Inform Ecological Compensation: Theory & Application. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3340 .

AMA Style

Xiaolong Gao, Binbin Huang, Ying Hou, Weihua Xu, Hua Zheng, Dongchun Ma, Zhiyun Ouyang. Using Ecosystem Service Flows to Inform Ecological Compensation: Theory & Application. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (9):3340.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaolong Gao; Binbin Huang; Ying Hou; Weihua Xu; Hua Zheng; Dongchun Ma; Zhiyun Ouyang. 2020. "Using Ecosystem Service Flows to Inform Ecological Compensation: Theory & Application." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3340.

Research article
Published: 08 May 2020 in Land Degradation & Development
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Our understanding of how reforestation affects microbial carbon cycling genes remains limited, restricting our ability to evaluate reforestation methods. We hypothesized that natural reforestation produces soil organic carbon (SOC) with significantly more complex chemical composition and more diverse carbon cycling genes than artificial restoration. The SOC fractions and carbon cycling (primarily fixation and degradation) genes present in natural restoration (natural secondary forests), and artificial restoration (Masson and slash pine plantations) were compared. The SOC in natural secondary forests was significantly more abundant and structurally more complex than that of Masson and slash pine plantations. The natural secondary forest soils contained significantly more abundant and diverse carbon cycling genes than plantations. Plant‐, soil‐, and nutrient‐associated factors explained 42.1% of the variation in microbial carbon cycling gene compositions. These factors included tree diversity, fine root surface area, litter stock, clay and silt, labile and recalcitrant organic carbon, available nitrogen and nitrate‐nitrogen contents. These factors affect the microbial carbon cycling gene diversity but not abundance in the natural secondary forest soils. These genes’ abundance and diversity in the Masson and slash pine plantation soils were enriched by increasing litter stock and decreasing clay and silt contents; they were also enhanced by higher tree diversity, labile and recalcitrant organic carbon, available nitrogen, and nitrate‐nitrogen contents. These findings indicate that current reforestation methods affect carbon cycling genes, carbon cycling potential, and thus, biogeochemical carbon cycling processes. Natural restoration is better than artificial restoration in terms of organic carbon stability and cycling.

ACS Style

Yun Wang; Hua Zheng; Falin Chen; Jing Zeng; Jizhong Zhou; Zhiyun Ouyang. Stabilities of soil organic carbon and carbon cycling genes are higher in natural secondary forests than in artificial plantations in southern China. Land Degradation & Development 2020, 31, 2986 -2995.

AMA Style

Yun Wang, Hua Zheng, Falin Chen, Jing Zeng, Jizhong Zhou, Zhiyun Ouyang. Stabilities of soil organic carbon and carbon cycling genes are higher in natural secondary forests than in artificial plantations in southern China. Land Degradation & Development. 2020; 31 (18):2986-2995.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yun Wang; Hua Zheng; Falin Chen; Jing Zeng; Jizhong Zhou; Zhiyun Ouyang. 2020. "Stabilities of soil organic carbon and carbon cycling genes are higher in natural secondary forests than in artificial plantations in southern China." Land Degradation & Development 31, no. 18: 2986-2995.

Research article
Published: 07 May 2020 in Land Degradation & Development
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Land‐use intensification has increased soil erosion resulting from biodiversity loss, which affects ecosystem properties and services owing to changes in species compositional and structural diversity. However, information is limited on how land‐use intensity (LUI) affects soil erosion through species compositional and structural diversity and ecosystem properties. In this study we monitored soil erosion in 15 plots over 12 consecutive months on tropical Hainan Island, where land‐use changes and biodiversity loss have been severe. We quantified the direct and indirect effects of LUI, species compositional diversity (plant species diversity and evenness) and structural diversity (tree diameter and height diversity), and ecosystem properties on soil erosion using Bayesian structural equation models (BSEM). The optimal BSEM accounted for 69% of the variation in soil erosion. The LUI did not affect soil erosion directly but showed indirect impacts via species diversity, tree height diversity, and ecosystem properties. Both high species and tree height diversity reduced soil erosion directly and indirectly by promoting root length density, but tree height diversity mediated the more important indirect effect of LUI on soil erosion than species diversity and ecosystem properties. We provided evidence for loss of species diversity and tree height diversity as a result of LUI leading to aggravated soil erosion, but the impact of the latter was more serious. Therefore, we emphasize that maintenance of tree height diversity through management practices may be an effective approach to control soil erosion in the context of drastic land‐use changes in tropical areas.

ACS Style

Zhi Wen; Hua Zheng; He Zhao; Zhiyun Ouyang. The mediatory roles of species diversity and tree height diversity: Linking the impact of land‐use intensity to soil erosion. Land Degradation & Development 2020, 32, 1127 -1134.

AMA Style

Zhi Wen, Hua Zheng, He Zhao, Zhiyun Ouyang. The mediatory roles of species diversity and tree height diversity: Linking the impact of land‐use intensity to soil erosion. Land Degradation & Development. 2020; 32 (3):1127-1134.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhi Wen; Hua Zheng; He Zhao; Zhiyun Ouyang. 2020. "The mediatory roles of species diversity and tree height diversity: Linking the impact of land‐use intensity to soil erosion." Land Degradation & Development 32, no. 3: 1127-1134.

Review
Published: 30 April 2020 in Geography and Sustainability
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Payments for ecosystem services (PES) have been studied extensively over the past decade as an important policy tool for coordinating ecological protection and regional socio-economic development. One of the greatest challenges of PES implementation is to understand where to pay, i.e., spatial targeting, which can directly impact PES effectiveness and efficiency. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of spatial targeting methods based on literature analysis using Citespace. Firstly, peer-reviewed articles related to spatial targeting of PES were selected from the Web of Science database based on keywords. Cases applying PES spatial targeting methods were then chosen and analyzed after all articles were read. In total, 70% of the chosen cases focused on improving the compensation efficiency of biodiversity or another single environmental objective, whereas the remaining cases focused on coordinating trade-offs between equity and efficiency or multiple environmental objectives. The main PES spatial targeting approaches included cost-benefit analysis, multi-objective optimization, data envelope analysis and other methods aimed at specific issues. Of these, cost-benefit analysis has been most widely applied at different scales, including county, regional and watershed scales. Significant differences among the different PES spatial targeting methods were found, including in PES spatial targeting dimensions, efficiency optimization approaches and method application conditions. The practice of PES spatial targeting requires the selection of appropriate methods based on contextual biophysical and socio-economic conditions as well as relevant environmental issues. The combined application of PES spatial targeting methods, compensation willingness of stakeholders and dynamic implementation of PES spatial targeting should be considered in future research.

ACS Style

Yanan Guo; Hua Zheng; Tong Wu; Jian Wu; Brian E. Robinson. A review of spatial targeting methods of payment for ecosystem services. Geography and Sustainability 2020, 1, 132 -140.

AMA Style

Yanan Guo, Hua Zheng, Tong Wu, Jian Wu, Brian E. Robinson. A review of spatial targeting methods of payment for ecosystem services. Geography and Sustainability. 2020; 1 (2):132-140.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yanan Guo; Hua Zheng; Tong Wu; Jian Wu; Brian E. Robinson. 2020. "A review of spatial targeting methods of payment for ecosystem services." Geography and Sustainability 1, no. 2: 132-140.

Journal article
Published: 23 April 2020 in Acta Oecologica
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The diversity and biogeography of functional genes at a regional scale remains unclear. We hypothesize that plant community composition, nutrient availability, and spatial distance are driving factors for the functional gene diversity of soil microorganisms at a regional scale. We also hypothesize that different functional genes have different responses to environment. Using functional gene arrays (GeoChip 3.0), we examined microbial diversity, and influencing factors in Ultisols in 11 natural secondary forest plots in southern China which contained 4073 functional genes averagely. Carbon and nitrogen cycle genes were more variable than genes involved in phosphorus utilization, organic remediation, and metal resistance, in similar trends with soil substrate availability. Genes involved in nitrification being more variable than other nitrogen cycling genes; phytase genes being more variable than polyphosphate kinase genes (ppk) and exopolyphosphatase genes (ppx); exoglucanase and endoglucanase genes being more variable than cellobiase genes; lignin peroxidase genes (lip) being more variable than manganese peroxidase genes (mnp). Approximately 41% of the variation in gene composition could be explained by fine root surface area, available nitrogen, and the largest spatial scale factor, with the former two environmental factors over influenced spatial distance. Both environmental factors (represented by nutrient availability) and spatial distance influenced microbial functional gene composition, while the influence of spatial distance worked through environmental factors in natural secondary forest in Ultisols within approximately 500 km, providing insights into microbial biogeography from a functional gene perspective.

ACS Style

Yun Wang; Hua Zheng; Yunfeng Yang; Yuting Liang; Jizhong Zhou; Zhili He; Falin Chen; Zhiyun Ouyang. Microbial functional gene diversity in natural secondary forest Ultisols. Acta Oecologica 2020, 105, 103575 .

AMA Style

Yun Wang, Hua Zheng, Yunfeng Yang, Yuting Liang, Jizhong Zhou, Zhili He, Falin Chen, Zhiyun Ouyang. Microbial functional gene diversity in natural secondary forest Ultisols. Acta Oecologica. 2020; 105 ():103575.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yun Wang; Hua Zheng; Yunfeng Yang; Yuting Liang; Jizhong Zhou; Zhili He; Falin Chen; Zhiyun Ouyang. 2020. "Microbial functional gene diversity in natural secondary forest Ultisols." Acta Oecologica 105, no. : 103575.

Journal article
Published: 17 April 2020 in Global Ecology and Conservation
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Land-use intensification impairs multiple soil ecosystem functions and services (hereafter ‘soil multifunctionality’; SMF) crucial to human wellbeing by influencing plant diversity and soil microbial communities. However, available information is limited on the contrasting and interaction effects of plant diversity and soil microbial communities on SMF under a gradient of land-use intensity (LUI). We measured five soil ecosystem functions associated with effective soil nutrients and water retention along 15 LUI gradients on Hainan Island, where land-use change and biodiversity loss has been severe. We used phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) method to determine the diversity and composition of soil microbial communities. The relationships among LUI, plant diversity (species and functional diversity), soil microbial diversity (bacterial and eukaryotic diversity), and soil microbial composition (fungi/bacteria and Gram-positive/Gram-negative bacteria ratios), and SMF were examined. The LUI affected SMF indirectly by reducing plant diversity and its interaction with soil bacterial diversity. Specifically, with increase in LUI, loss of plant species diversity indirectly reduced SMF via reduction of soil bacterial diversity. In contrast, loss of tree height diversity reduced SMF directly and indirectly through decrease in soil bacterial diversity. Importantly, the indirect effect of LUI mediated by tree height diversity was stronger than that mediated by plant species diversity and soil bacterial diversity. These results provide evidence that the cascade effect of plant diversity to soil bacterial diversity mediates the impacts of land-use intensity on soil multifunctionality, and further suggest that focusing on tree height diversity may be helpful for sustainable ecosystem management and predicting the impacts of land use changes.

ACS Style

Zhi Wen; Hua Zheng; He Zhao; Shilin Xie; Lei Liu; Zhiyun Ouyang. Land-use intensity indirectly affects soil multifunctionality via a cascade effect of plant diversity on soil bacterial diversity. Global Ecology and Conservation 2020, 23, e01061 .

AMA Style

Zhi Wen, Hua Zheng, He Zhao, Shilin Xie, Lei Liu, Zhiyun Ouyang. Land-use intensity indirectly affects soil multifunctionality via a cascade effect of plant diversity on soil bacterial diversity. Global Ecology and Conservation. 2020; 23 ():e01061.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhi Wen; Hua Zheng; He Zhao; Shilin Xie; Lei Liu; Zhiyun Ouyang. 2020. "Land-use intensity indirectly affects soil multifunctionality via a cascade effect of plant diversity on soil bacterial diversity." Global Ecology and Conservation 23, no. : e01061.

Journal article
Published: 29 February 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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During the past decades, runoff has been highly influenced by climate change and human activities in Haihe River basin, and it is important to analyze the runoff trends and the drivers of its change to guide water resources management. The Mann–Kendall method and Pettitt test were conducted to analyze the hydrological and climate trends. Data from six sub-basins were used, including runoff at six representative hydrological stations and precipitation and air temperature at 49 meteorological stations. We used multiple-regression analysis and policy review to explore the influence of climate change and human activities on the runoff change at six sub-basins. According to the results, annual runoff showed a significant downward trend at six hydrological stations (p < 0.05), and the most probable change points at all stations showed up during the period from the late 1970s to the early 1980s. Moreover, the middle and late 1990s could be another probable abrupt change point at Luan River and Chaobai River. The declining trend of the annual mean precipitation at the six sub-basins was insignificant (p > 0.05), and there were no significant abrupt change points except the Zhang River area (p < 0.05). Compared with the precipitation trend, the annual mean air temperature exhibited a significant increasing trend at all stations, and the period from the late 1980s to the early 1990s might be the most probable abrupt change points at all four sub-basins. The trend analysis and the abrupt change point analysis suggest that mean air temperature is the main climate factor that will lead to the decline in the runoff time-series, while the insignificant downward trend of the precipitation might accelerate the downward trend of the runoff data. Through elevant policy measures, including land-use reform and the construction of the Three-North (north, northeast, and northwest China) Shelter Forest, China started to implement a family-contract responsibility system and initiated the first stage of construction of the Three-North Shelter Forest Program in 1978. The land-use reform policies greatly stimulated the peasants’ initiative for land management and significantly changed the land use pattern and water use quantity in the Haihe River basin in a short time. Besides, the precipitation decreased and the air temperature rose, so an abrupt change in runoff occurred from the late 1970s to the early 1980s. The abrupt change in the runoff in the middle and late 1990s highly tallied with the construction time of the Three-North Shelter Forest Program. After near 20 years of construction of the Three-North Shelter Forest Program, the forest area increased, the forest quality had been improved, and the vegetation coverage on the underlying surface had been changed significantly, so the construction of the Three-North Shelter Forest Program was an important cause of runoff change in the middle and late 1990s. Also, change in precipitation and air temperature enlarged the effect of change in the runoff.

ACS Style

Huashan Xu; Yufen Ren; Hua Zheng; Zhiyun Ouyang; Bo Jiang. Analysis of Runoff Trends and Drivers in the Haihe River Basin, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 1577 .

AMA Style

Huashan Xu, Yufen Ren, Hua Zheng, Zhiyun Ouyang, Bo Jiang. Analysis of Runoff Trends and Drivers in the Haihe River Basin, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (5):1577.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huashan Xu; Yufen Ren; Hua Zheng; Zhiyun Ouyang; Bo Jiang. 2020. "Analysis of Runoff Trends and Drivers in the Haihe River Basin, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5: 1577.

Journal article
Published: 24 February 2020 in Forests
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Plantations support local economies and rural livelihoods in many mountainous regions, where poverty and a fragile environment are often interlinked. Managing plantations sustainably and alleviating poverty is a major challenge. This study reports on the findings of a household livelihood survey in the central mountainous region of Hainan Island, a global biodiversity hotspot. The survey aimed to identify rural household livelihoods, strategies to lift rural households out of poverty and potential environmental consequences of different livelihood strategies. Households were divided into five groups based on their main source of income: plantations, crops, livestock, local off-farm income and remittances. Plantations were the main source of income for 74% of households and provided 46% of the total income. Plantation land area, planting diverse tree species and intercropping were significantly associated with higher income. Reallocating land by family size could increase the proportion of households above the poverty line in the plantation group from 51.3% to 85.3%, while making only 3.3% of households worse off. Lower income households tended to apply more chemicals to plantations, which suggests that they create more strain on the environment. Improving household income through dynamically allocating plantation land and diversifying planted species could therefore be beneficial both socially and environmentally. Our results emphasize the importance of dynamic plantation land allocation and diverse plantation planting in poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability.

ACS Style

Ruida Li; Hua Zheng; Cuiping Zhang; Bonnie Keeler; Leah H. Samberg; Cong Li; Stephen Polasky; Yongming Ni; Zhiyun Ouyang. Rural Household Livelihood and Tree Plantation Dependence in the Central Mountainous Region of Hainan Island, China: Implications for Poverty Alleviation. Forests 2020, 11, 248 .

AMA Style

Ruida Li, Hua Zheng, Cuiping Zhang, Bonnie Keeler, Leah H. Samberg, Cong Li, Stephen Polasky, Yongming Ni, Zhiyun Ouyang. Rural Household Livelihood and Tree Plantation Dependence in the Central Mountainous Region of Hainan Island, China: Implications for Poverty Alleviation. Forests. 2020; 11 (2):248.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruida Li; Hua Zheng; Cuiping Zhang; Bonnie Keeler; Leah H. Samberg; Cong Li; Stephen Polasky; Yongming Ni; Zhiyun Ouyang. 2020. "Rural Household Livelihood and Tree Plantation Dependence in the Central Mountainous Region of Hainan Island, China: Implications for Poverty Alleviation." Forests 11, no. 2: 248.