Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are caused by both contact and non‐contact injuries. However, it can be claimed that non‐contact ones account approximately for 70% of all cases. Thus, several authors have emphasized the role of reduction of muscle strength as a modifiable risk factor referred to non‐contact ACL injury, with the latter being targeted by specific training interventions.The present paper wants to review the available literature specifically on the relationship between dynamic knee valgus, gluteal muscles (GM) strength, apart from the potential correlation regarding ACL injury.After a research based on MEDLINE via PubMed, Google scholar, and Web of Science, a total of 29 articles were collected and thus included.Additionally, this review highlights the crucial role of gluteal muscles in maintaining a correct knee position in the coronal plane during different exercises, namely walking, running, jumping and landing.

Arthroscopic shoulder surgery has undergone significant advancements over the past decades, transitioning from a primarily diagnostic tool to a comprehensive therapeutic approach. Technological innovations and refined surgical techniques have expanded the indications for arthroscopy, allowing minimally invasive management of shoulder instability and rotator cuff pathology. Methods: This narrative review explores the historical evolution, current trends, and future perspectives in arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Results: Key advancements in shoulder instability management include the evolution of the arthroscopic Bankart repair, the introduction of the remplissage technique for Hill–Sachs lesions, and the development of arthroscopic Latarjet procedures. Additionally, novel techniques such as Dynamic Anterior Stabilization (DAS) and bone block procedures have emerged as promising solutions for complex instability cases. In rotator cuff repair, innovations such as the suture-bridge double-row technique, superior capsular reconstruction (SCR), and biological augmentation strategies, including dermal allografts and bioinductive patches, have contributed to improving tendon healing and functional outcomes. The role of biologic augmentation, including biceps tendon autografts and subacromial bursa augmentation, is also gaining traction in enhancing repair durability. Conclusions: As arthroscopic techniques continue to evolve, the integration of biologic solutions and patient-specific surgical planning will likely define the future of shoulder surgery. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of current state-of-the-art techniques and discusses their clinical implications, with a focus on optimizing patient outcomes and minimizing surgical failure rates.

(1) Background: The aim of this study is to describe all of the possible surgical procedures that intend to treat the McLaughlin lesion (or Reverse Hill-Sachs) in posterior shoulder dislocation. (2) Methods: Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Embase were used as databases in our research. Studies reporting the results of posterior shoulder dislocations surgically treated with procedures addressing the humeral lesion were evaluated. The studies reporting results after fracture—dislocation and multidirectional instability were excluded. (3) Results: A total of 16 studies were included in our review for a total of 207 shoulders with a mean age of 41.7 years that were evaluated at a mean of 62.1 months. The Modified McLaughlin procedure and the Graft procedures were the most commonly performed. No statistically significant difference was found between the two at the evaluation of the clinical score. (4) Conclusions: Our review highlights the importance of a correct diagnosis and an accurate surgical treatment choice based on the surgeon’s experience and on the patients’ characteristics.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the long‐term outcomes of arthroscopic versus mini‐open repair in patients with isolated subscapularis tendon tears.Methods: Google Scholar, PubMed, and Embase databases were searched for studies evaluating isolated subscapularis tears subsequently treated by arthroscopic or mini‐open repair. The inclusion criteria were clinical studies reporting isolated subscapularis lesions treated by arthroscopic or mini‐open repair, a minimum follow‐up of 12 months, and clinical and functional outcomes reported in the study results. Articles not reporting functional outcomes or studies that reported results for anterosuperior rotator cuff tears without a separate analysis of subscapularis tendon tears were excluded. Studies older than 20 years and studies with a minimum follow‐up of less than 12 months were also excluded.Results: A total of 12 studies met the inclusion criteria; 8 papers were included in the arthroscopic repair group, and 6 were included in the mini‐open repair group (2 studies reported results for both techniques). The mean age reported was 49.3 years, and 85.1% of patients were male. The dominant limb was involved in 77.6% of the patients, and a traumatic onset of symptoms was verified in 76.3%. The mean time to surgery was 9.6 months. The Constant–Murley score showed positive results for the arthroscopic and mini‐open groups, with mean postoperative values of 84.6 and 82.1, respectively. Promising results were also observed for pain, with a mean of 13.2 (out of 15) points for the arthroscopic group and 11.7 for the mini‐open group. The long head of the biceps was involved in 78% of the patients, and LHB tenodesis or tenotomy were the most common concomitant procedures performed.Conclusions: There was no significant difference in clinical and functional outcomes between open and arthroscopic repair. Moreover, the same complication rates were reported in both treatments, but arthroscopic repair led to less postoperative pain.Level of evidence: IV.

Background: “Windswept” deformity (WSD) consists of a non-frequent condition in which the patient presents a valgus deformity in one knee and a varus deformity in the other. We performed a review of the available literature to aggregate the accessible data on the outcomes of bilateral knee arthroplasty in patients with WSD and to discuss the surgical challenges that this condition might pose. Methods: A systematic review of the literature following the PRISMA guidelines was conducted. The relevant studies between 1979 and 2021 were identified. Four studies with a total of 68 patients were included for analysis. The mean follow-up for varus knees was 3.3 years, 3.1 years for valgus knees. The quality and rigor of the included studies was assessed using the Methodological index for non-randomized studies (MINORS). Results: All the studies reported improvement in knee function following knee replacement surgery, and a reduction in axial deviation of both knees, with similar results in valgus and varus knees in terms of patient satisfaction. The most relevant data were that unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) allowed for limited axial correction with slightly inferior functional results. Kinematic alignment (KA) allowed for similar results in both knees. Conclusion: The present review shows how satisfactory results can be achieved in both knees in patients with WSD and osteoarthrosis (OA). However, the operating surgeon should be aware of the importance of the implant choice in terms of functional outcomes. In the absence of extra-articular deformities, calipered KA total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can be performed on both knees with good axial correction and functional outcome. Level of evidence: II —Systematic review of cohort studies.

Background: The most effective treatment approach for sacroiliac joint (SIJ) pain in spondyloarthropathy (SpA) patients remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the safety and effectiveness of different injective therapies for SIJ pain in SpA patients. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted up to January 2024. The inclusion criteria encompassed studies in English, including comparative and non-comparative studies, and case series. A meta-analysis was performed on the available data. The “Checklist for Measuring Quality” by Downs and Black was used to evaluate the quality of included papers. Results: A total of 17 studies involving 494 patients were included: 12 prospective case series, 1 retrospective comparative study, 2 prospective comparative studies, and 2 randomized controlled trials. Steroid injections were analyzed in 15 studies, etanercept in 1, and infliximab in 1. A meta-analysis of 375 patients receiving steroid injections showed a significant reduction in visual analog scale (VAS) scores from 8.2 pre-treatment to 3.2 (p < 0.001) at short-term follow-up, with stability at mid-term follow-up (VAS 3.3, p < 0.001) and worsening at the last follow-up (VAS 5.1, p < 0.001). The failure rate was 13% (p = 0.019), and one study reported a 12.5% complication rate. Biologic therapies showed no complications or failures, with improvements in both VAS and BASDAI scores. Conclusions: Intra-articular steroid injections are effective and safe for SIJ pain in SpA patients, although their efficacy diminishes over time, and not all patients respond to treatment. Biologic therapies have shown promising results, but further research is needed to confirm their long-term efficacy.