Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) transcribed from the eukaryotic genome play important roles in essential biological processes, transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation. LncRNAs act both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, mostly in association with chromatin in the nucleus. LncRNAs appear to be important regulators of gene expression, gene regulation and genome stability. This review outlines the major types of plant lncRNAs, their genetic and epigenetic effects with a focus on plant lncRNA instances, and discusses the recent advances in our understanding of their mechanism of action.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) act important roles in a wide range of biological processes. The regulatory roles of lncRNAs are still poorly understood. One of the major problems of limiting plant...

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play key roles in the regulation of biological processes. Salinity inhibits agricultural productivity. The salinity stress tolerance of barley might play important role to understand the regulatory networks. In this study, we performed quantitative real time-PCR (qPCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to investigate expression levels of two barley lncRNAs—AK363461 and AK370506—and localizations on four barley genotypes (Hasat, Beysehir 99, Konevi 98 and Tarm 92) under 150 mM salt stress conditions during three days germination. Seeds were placed randomly in petri dishes containing filter paper soaked in (a) only H2O (control), (b) 150 mM NaCl for 72 h. RNA extraction were carried out using TriPure® reagent from root and shoot samples. Expression analysis demonstrated salinity effected expression levels of AK363461 and AK370506 on shoots and roots during germination. The expression levels of AK363461 for 150 mM salt applied groups were altered ranged between (log2 −0.82 and 0.80) compared controls. However, the expression levels of AK370506 for 150 mM salt applied groups were altered ranged between (log2 −0.64 and 3.16) compared controls. Comparison of AK363461 and AK370506 expression levels, there was statistically significant difference between barley varieties (p＜0.05). For FISH application, probes were labelled by tetramethylrhodamine (TRITC)–dUTP. The localizations of AK363461 and AK370506 were observed under confocal microscope via FISH on control barley root preparations. Our results is the first direct report to show the relationship between barley lncRNAs and salinity and, also to indicate the localisations of lncRNAs in barley.

This study developed an efficient protocol for the in vitro propagation of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) biomass, defining a complete cycle of the induction of somatic embryogenesis from immature inflorescences, followed by the maturation of somatic embryos and the subsequent multiplication of the derived shoots in liquid culture in a temporary immersion system (TIS). The best explants were found to be 30 cm long immature inflorescences, preferably collected in spring. Such an explant type was easy to decontaminate, and the spikelets isolated from it provided over 100 embryogenic callus lines. Among the callus induction media tested, gelled MS medium supplemented with 1.1 mg/L 2,4-D provided the highest percentage of responsive spikelets and the highest density of embryogenic callus. Maturation of the embryogenic callus was easily triggered on gelled MS medium devoid of plant growth regulators. The obtained shoots could be further multiplied on previously optimized gelled DKW medium supplemented with 30 g/L sucrose, 5 mg/L BA, 0.1 mg/L IBA, and 6.8 g/L plant agar. Subsequent high multiplication of the developed shoots was achieved in liquid culture in TIS using a Plantform™ bioreactor, with an immersion cycle of 12 min every 8 h.