Cervical cancer (CxCa) is preventable and treatable via vaccination and screening. Cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) represents the physiological components of the female genital tract. These components are suitable to be utilized for clinical purposes, therefore, making CVF a suitable material for disease screening approaches. Due to high false-negative result rates and low attendance of current expensive routine CxCa screening methods, it has become more important to develop a point-of-care (POC) screening method that every single woman could reach worldwide. For this purpose, various self-usage apparatus have been developed for screening of the human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Furthermore, due to the low specificity of HPV tests and the high clearance rate of HPV infections, many patients undergo overtreatment. Since proteins play an important role in cellular process and carcinogenesis, it is appropriate to use proteins in a simple screening test for the detection of carcinogenesis. In this article, POC screening tests and the studies of discovery of CVF protein biomarkers will be overviewed to consider the development of a method that can be used for the rapid and conceivable screening method of CxCa.

Triage methods for cervical cancer detection show moderate accuracy and present considerable false-negative and false-positive result rates. A complementary diagnostic parameter could help improve the accuracy of identifying patients who need treatment. A pilot study was performed using a targeted proteomics approach with opportunistic ThinPrep samples obtained from women collected at the hospital’s outpatient clinic to determine the concentration levels of minichromosome maintenance-3 (MCM3) and envoplakin (EVPL) proteins. Forty samples with ‘negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy’ (NILM), 21 samples with ‘atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance’ (ASC-US), and 33 samples with ‘low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and worse’ (≥LSIL) were analyzed, using cytology and the patients’ histology reports. Highly accurate concordance was obtained for gold-standard-confirmed samples, demonstrating that the MCM3/EVPL ratio can discriminate between non-dysplastic and dysplastic samples. On that account, we propose that MCM3 and EVPL are promising candidate protein biomarkers for population-based cervical cancer screening.

Background: In lung cancer, expression changes in genes that indirectly trigger carcinogenesis are a remarkable issue. In addition to mutations, detection of expression of genes that affect cell division, apoptosis, invasion and cell migration is important for studies to develop new inhibitor or monoclonal antibody drugs. Aim of this study was to investigate the mRNA expression levels of PTGS2, CALR and MAGE-A3 genes in the A549 cell line which is modeling lung adenocarcinoma compared to the BEAS-2B cell line which is modeling healthy bronchial epithelium.Materials and Methods: Quantitative Real-time PCR was performed to obtain the mRNA expression level changing.Results: In the results of the study, the mRNA level expression difference in A549 cell line compared with BEAS-2B cell line 229,13-fold increase in PTGS2 gene; 4,03-fold increase in CALR gene; 3,41-fold increase in MAGE-A3 gene were observed. These three genes are known to play roles in cancer cell division, apoptosis resistance, invasion, and angiogenesis.Conclusions: As a result of this study, these three genes are thought to have jointly effect on the NF-κB signaling pathway. It may be beneficial to investigate on protein level for these three genes to illuminate at this point.

Sample preparation is a critical yet often under-characterized source of variability in LC-MS-based metabolomics workflows. Solvent evaporation (dry-down) is widely applied but is frequently assumed to act as a neutral concentration step. Here, we systematically evaluated the impact of dry-down on signal intensity, analytical variability, and normalization performance in targeted polar metabolomics using paired dried and undried human serum extracts. Five independent serum samples were analyzed in triplicate using two complementary tandem mass spectrometry assays: a broad polar metabolite panel and an amino acid/acylcarnitine (AA/AC) panel. Data were assessed across raw signals, single-internal-standard normalization, and class-matched isotope dilution strategies. Dry-down induced widespread, directional signal shifts across both datasets, with median absolute log2 fold changes of 1.81 in the polar panel and 1.15 in the AA/AC panel. Although no individual metabolites reached statistical significance after multiple-testing correction (FDR < 0.05), signal changes were highly consistent across analytes and biological replicates, indicating a systematic, non-random preparation effect at the distribution level. Normalization to a single isotopically labeled internal standard partially attenuated these shifts in the polar dataset (median absolute log2 fold change is 0.86) but did not eliminate them. In contrast, class-matched isotopic internal standards in the AA/AC panel substantially reduced preparation-dependent signal differences (median absolute log2 fold change is 0.041). The internal standard itself exhibited an approximately two-fold signal increase following dry-down, consistent with a preparation-dependent change in ionization efficiency and/or matrix composition. Overall, these findings demonstrate that dry-down is not a purely neutral preparative step but a major contributor to signal modulation in LC-MS-based polar metabolomics. The extent of correction depends strongly on internal standard strategy, with class-matched isotope dilution providing improved control of preparation-dependent effects within the tested metabolite classes. These results highlight the importance of critically evaluating preparation-induced matrix effects in quantitative metabolomics workflows.