After environmental selection, co-evolution produces similar and interdependent relationships of species through cooperation and competition. Likewise, a co-evolution exists between employees and customers in enterprises, while leaders dominate the selection factors. The direction that the leaders set up eliminates the unsuitable employees and customers who fail to bring benefits to the enterprise. Since leaders could largely affect the development of enterprises, this study conducted in-depth interviews with leaders of three small enterprises. Next, based on Grounded Theory, the data gathered were summarized into five categories: (1) interaction, (2) selection factors, (3) benefits, (4) adaptability, and (5) limitation. Then, these categories, which drive the tripartite relationship of leaders, employees, and customers, were merged into two concepts, namely, the internal personal factor and the external enterprise factor. The interaction among these three parties forms a leader-oriented co-evolution spiral between employees and customers. This study believes that under the co-evolution and selection factors formulated by the leaders of the organization, employees, and customers who remain connected in the enterprise would treat each other as family members and friends.

Patents and related statistics are the indicators of technological progress. There have been controversial discussions about the value of patents as an indicator of technological advancement. Patent research has been conducted for research and development to develop the core framework of the United States Patent and Trademark Office. This study was conducted to classify the patents in terms of technology-assisted instruction using the Patent Co-citation Analysis (PCA) method and factor analysis. For the analysis, education, demonstration, rendition, instructional aids, instructional equipment, teaching aids, and didactic materials were chosen as keywords to construct a citation relationship network of patents and to classify core patent issues. The study results showed that 225 patents were cited more than 25 times. They were classified into 11 categories. The result provided information on the development and application of technology-assisted education to develop teaching tools further.