Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder experienced by women of reproductive age and is marked by insulin resistance (IR) and menstrual cycle abnormalities. In this study, we set out to assess how the level of menstrual abnormalities relates to the degree of IR in women with PCOS. The participants in this study were 93 women diagnosed with PCOS and 100 controls with regular vaginal bleeding. Data was collected through blood samples, physical examinations, and medical histories. The primary outcome measures were body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment for IR (HOMA-IR), and hormonal parameters. Values for BMI and HOMA-IR were higher in PCOS cases than in controls [(28.6 ± 1.9 vs. 23.7 ± 2.3) and (2.29 ± 2.87 vs. 1.48 ± 1.02), respectively]. Oligomenorrhea was documented in 79.4% of women with PCOS, with the others experienced vaginal bleeding intervals under 45 days. The greater the menstrual irregularity, the higher the levels of luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone. Among the PCOS group, those with vaginal bleeding intervals of above 90 days had a higher HOMA-IR values (2.46 ± 2.77), after adjustments for age and BMI, than the participants who went<45 days between periods (2.01 ± 2.14) and those whose interval was 45–90 days (2.09 ± 2.43). Most of the participants with PCOS had obvious oligomenorrhea of at least 6 weeks between episodes of vaginal bleeding and had significantly higher insulin resistance than did the controls. This suggests that insulin resistance in PCOS cases may be predicted by the presence of clinically overt menstrual dysfunction.

Accurate classification of lung cancer into primary and metastatic carcinomas is critical for treatment approaches. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has always been pivotal in unveiling the diverse cell differentiation lineages present in lung cancer by using specific biomarkers such as TTF1 and p63/p40, which closely reflect the relationship between genotype and phenotype.. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate 57 Tru-Cut biopsies over two years, from 2020-2022. Tumour morphology was evaluated, and IHC for TTF-1, Napsin A, CK-7, P-63, P-40, and CD-56 was performed in two steps. Of the lung cancer cases, 58.5% were adenocarcinoma (ADC), 24.5% were squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 9.4% were small cell carcinoma, and 7.5% were poorly differentiated carcinoma. TTF1 stain had sensitivity and specificity of 78.9% and 50% in 33 cases of ADC, respectively, while CK7 and Napsin A had 100% sensitivity. P63 stain had 77% sensitivity and 50% specificity in 15 cases of SCC, while P-40 had 100% sensitivity. The CD56 stain was 100% sensitive in five cases of small cell carcinoma. IHC staining on small lung biopsies allows accurate sub-classification of poorly differentiated lung cancers; however, there is still significant variability. Surgical resection specimens can be further classified due to architectural features that biopsies lack. Morphological findings would be beneficial in the development of an algorithm for sub-classifying lung carcinoma using a variety of markers.

This study evaluated the impact of integrating student-generated multiple-choice questions (MCQs) and electronic posters into a first-year pharmacy physiology course. With a validated survey and performance comparisons, results showed improved engagement, comprehension, clinical reasoning, and academic performance compared with a previous cohort taught traditionally. Over 70% of students reported enhanced learning, and outcomes remained consistent across semesters despite increased workload, supporting the value of combined active learning strategies.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation and demyelination. Cytokines play a key role in MS pathogenesis and may serve as potential biomarkers for disease activity. The objective of this study was to compare the serum concentrations of IL-2, IL-4, IL-1RA, IL-1β, TNFα, and IFNγ in Saudi MS patients with matched healthy controls using LUMINEX assay. Moreover, it investigated these levels more closely between the MS and patient groups to evaluate the inter-relationships between them and investigate their possible relevance in the pathogenesis of the disease. All subjects (controls and patients) had their serum samples taken. The MILLIPLEX® Human Cytokine/Chemokine/Growth Factor Panel was used in a 96-well plate assay. The Z-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient were employed in SPSS Version 26.0 for Windows to determine the differences in serum cytokine concentrations between the two groups and the correlation between serum and inflammatory mediators in MS patients with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. Most patients (73.7 %) were female, while 26.3 % were male. In the healthy control group, 81.8 % were women and 18.2 % were men. Female MS patients had an average age of 29.6 ± 7.7 years, whereas male patients averaged 33.9 ± 5.6 years. In healthy controls, females had an average age of 35±11.5 years, and males had an average age of 24±0.1 years.MS patients showed no statistical significance regarding the tested inflammatory cytokines IL-1RA, IL-4, IL-2, IFNg, TNFa, and IL-1β (p > 0.05). IL-1β level was moderately positively correlated with IL-2 (r = 0.546, p = 0.000). IL-1RA levels showed a strong positive correlation with IL-2 (r = 0.756, p = 0.000) and were moderately negatively correlated with IL-4 (r =-0.444, p = 0.001). IL-1RA levels exhibited a moderate negative correlation with IL-4 (r=-0.362, p = 0.005) and a strong positive relationship with IFNg (r = 0.809, p = 0.000) and TNFa (r = 0.805, p = 0.000). The study findings showed elevated IL-1RA and IL-2 biomarkers in MS patients without any statistical significance. We observed positive correlations among IL-1RA, IL-2, IFNg, and TNFa and a negative correlation with IL-4, suggesting a Th1-dominant response.

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the accumulation of neurotoxic substances in the brain, ultimately leading to progressive cognitive decline. The complex aetiology and involvement of multiple molecular targets in AD pathogenesis have made discovering effective therapeutic agents particularly challenging. Targeting multiple proteins simultaneously with a single therapeutic agent may offer a promising strategy to address the disease’s multifaceted nature. Methods: This study employed advanced computational methodologies to perform multitargeted molecular docking of FDA-approved drugs against four key AD-associated proteins implicated in disease progression. Among the screened compounds, Rebamipide—a drug conventionally used for treating gastrointestinal disorders—demonstrated notable binding affinities across all targets. Pharmacokinetic predictions, interaction fingerprinting, WaterMap analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and 100 ns MD simulations were performed for each protein–ligand complex to evaluate its multitarget potential. Results: Rebamipide bound effectively to the NR1 ligand-binding core, suggesting modulation of glutamatergic signalling while reducing β-secretase production and regulating neurotransmitter homeostasis through inhibiting monoamine oxidase-A. Furthermore, Rebamipide enhanced cholinergic neurotransmission by inhibiting human acetylcholinesterase, potentially improving cognitive function. Pharmacokinetic analyses confirmed favourable drug-like properties. Molecular interaction fingerprints revealed consistent hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic contacts, and π-π stacking interactions. WaterMap analysis indicated thermodynamically favourable water displacement upon binding, enhancing ligand affinity. DFT analysis of Rebamipide showed a 4.24 eV HOMO-LUMO gap, with ESP values ranging from −6.63 × 10⁻² to +6.63 × 10⁻² A.U., indicating reactive sites. TDDFT predicted strong UV absorption at 314 nm with a peak intensity of ~6500 L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹. MD simulations over 100 ns demonstrated minimal structural deviations and stable ligand–protein complexes, reinforcing its multitarget efficacy. Conclusions: The comprehensive in silico investigation highlights Rebamipide as a promising multitargeted therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer’s disease. Its ability to modulate multiple pathogenic pathways simultaneously underscores its potential utility; however, these computational findings warrant further experimental validation to confirm its efficacy and therapeutic relevance in AD.