In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the bioactivity of rutin, a dietary flavonol naturally found in several plant species. Despite widespread knowledge of its numerous health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and cardiovascular effects, industrial use of rutin is still limited due to its low solubility in aqueous media, the characteristic bitter and astringent taste of phenolic compounds and its susceptibility to degradation during processing. To expand its applications and preserve its biological activity, novel encapsulation systems have been developed. This review presents updated research on the extraction sources and methodologies of rutin from fruit and vegetable products commonly found in a regular diet and grown using family farming approaches. Additionally, this review covers quantitative analysis techniques, encapsulation methods utilizing nanoparticles, colloidal and heterodisperse systems, as well as industrial applications of rutin.

Introduction. The production and commercialization of raw milk in Nariño, Colombia, follows microbiological and compositional standards on which payment for quality is made. However, quality can be affected during its transport after milking. Objective. To describe the microbiological and compositional quality of raw milk in the highland tropic. Materials and methods. The study was carried out in seven municipalities in the department of Nariño, Colombia, during the rainy season between February and July of 2017. Two milk samples from the same milk can were collected, one after milking (farm; n = 10), and the second at the collection point (tank; n = 10). In each sample, the following variables were evaluated: height above the sea level of the collection site, aerobic mesophilic count (CFU), total coliform count (COL), milk temperature, fat (FAT), protein (PC) and total solids (TS). Results. The temperature of the milk was higher on the farm compared to the tank (30±0.68 vs. 23±0.87 ¡C, respectively). The aerobic mesophilic count was higher in the tank vs. farm (116,470 vs. 41,388 CFU ml-1, respectively). The temperature of the milk was negatively correlated with the distance and the transport time of the milk (-0.86 and -0.84, respectively). The compositional quality of the milk was not affected by transport conditions. Conclusion. In the high tropic conditions, the microbiological quality of raw milk was negatively affected by the increase in the aerobic mesophilic counts.

The extraction of value-added compounds from agro-industrial wastes is important to reduce their environmental impact. In this research, the time for ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds obtained from goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) calyx was first chosen. Subsequently, response surface methodology was used to optimise the effect of wave amplitude, liquid:solid ratio, and particle size on total phenol content and in vitro antioxidant capacity. Then, antioxidant capacity (DPPH, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and ferric reducing antioxidant power) was measured in the extract obtained under optimal conditions, and rutin flavanol was identified and quantified by HPLC-DAD. Analysis of polynomial models indicated adequate fit (p≤0.05) for phenolic content (R2=0.98) and antioxidant capacity (R2=0.91). Optimal amplitude (54%), liquid:solid ratio (33 mL/g), and particle size (213 µm) maximised the response of phenolic content (53 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant capacity (167 μmol TE/g). The in vitro antioxidant capacity of the extract was demonstrated, and a high rutin concentration (19 mg/g) was found in the extract obtained under optimum conditions. High extraction yields of phenolic compounds were found using the shortest time (i.e., 10 min), intermediate particle diameters, a low amount of solvent, and low energy consumption.