Globally, groundwater is a valuable natural resource that may be relied upon for irrigation and drinking needs. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the groundwater geochemistry in the West of El Qusiya, Assuit, Egypt. Groundwater suitability for irrigation has been estimated with some methods, for instance, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Killey ratio (KR), magnesium hazard (MH), permeability index (PI), Piper trilinear diagram, and USSL diagram. The Piper diagram shows that the sodium and potassium (Na+K) kind dominates the water chemistry, followed by the mixed type. The principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and Pearson correlation matrix analysis (PCMA) statistical methods reveal that the physicochemical parameters of water collected from the Eocene and Pleistocene aquifers are produced from mixed origins. The geogenic origin reflects the lithologic impact of aquifers matrix and water interactions, in addition to anthropogenic sources caused by infiltration of secondary salts initiated due to fertilizers and agriculture water. These factors are the controller for groundwater’s ionic (Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, and HCO₃⁻) variation in the area studied. Based on SAR, KR, and PI results, groundwater is acceptable for irrigation. Consistent with RSC, MH, and Na% results, approximately 50% of the groundwater samples are unsuitable for irrigation use.

The primary goal of this study is to analyze the hydrogeochemical properties and assess the groundwater quality for drinking, domestic, and irrigation purposes in West El Minia, Egypt. Major components were determined in 49 groundwater samples to evaluate water quality in the study area. Principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), geostatistics, and spatial mapping were used to identify the chemical components and processes that influence groundwater quality and highlight areas of health risks. According to the TDS values, about 22% of the groundwater samples are suitable for drinking. Due to the elevated values of hardness in the examined water, none of the water samples are suitable for use in a household. The majority of groundwater samples are acceptable for irrigation based on the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Kelley ratio (KR), magnesium hazard (MH), and permeability index, and some can be adequately treated. The study indicated that different groundwater characteristics (such as TDS, Na⁺, K⁺, HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, and SO₄²⁻) do not comply with WHO requirements in some regions, which may pose a threat to human health.

The groundwater of the west Assiut and El-Minia districts was evaluated in this paper using geoelectrical, hydrogeochemical, and stable isotope (oxygen-18 and deuterium) studies. In the studied localities, 42 vertical electrical soundings (VES) were taken to evaluate groundwater potential, and the analysis, as well as collection, of 74 samples of Eocene groundwater was carried out. In accordance with the vertical electrical soundings' interpretation, there are four geoelectrical formations and two major water-bearing units that act as aquifers (Pleistocene and Eocene). To determine irrigation suitability, the sodium absorption ratio (SAR), electrical conductivity (EC), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), sodium percentage (Na %), magnesium hazard (MH), Kelley's ratio (KR), and permeability index (PI) were evaluated as irrigation quality parameters. The EC, Na %, and the diagram of the US salinity laboratory indicated that most of the collected samples of groundwater were suitable for irrigation, whereas the RSC and PI pointed out that all of the collected water samples were safe for irrigation. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope values in groundwater samples showed that the Eocene aquifer was recharged by both surface water and the Nubian aquifer.