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Lake Bracciano has been historically used as a strategic water reservoir for the city of Rome (Italy) since ancient times. However, following the severe water crisis of 2017, water abstraction has been completely stopped. The relative impact of the various drivers of change (climatological and management) on fluctuations in lake water level is not yet clear. To quantify this impact, we applied the Random Forest (RF) machine learning approach, taking advantage of a century of observations. Since the late 1990s the monthly variation in lake water levels has doubled, as has variation in monthly abstraction. Increased variation in annual cumulated precipitation and a rise in mean air temperature have also been observed. The RF machine learning approach made it possible to confirm the marginal role of temperature, the increasing role of abstraction during the last two decades (from 24 % to 39 %), and the key role played by the increased precipitation variability. These results highlight the notable prediction and inference capabilities of RF in a complex and partially unknown hydrological context. We conclude by discussing the limits of this approach, which are mainly associated with its capacity to generates scenarios compared to physical based models.
N. Guyennon; F. Salerno; D. Rossi; M. Rainaldi; E. Calizza; E. Romano. Climate change and water abstraction impacts on the long-term variability of water levels in Lake Bracciano (Central Italy): A Random Forest approach. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 2021, 37, 100880 .
AMA StyleN. Guyennon, F. Salerno, D. Rossi, M. Rainaldi, E. Calizza, E. Romano. Climate change and water abstraction impacts on the long-term variability of water levels in Lake Bracciano (Central Italy): A Random Forest approach. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies. 2021; 37 ():100880.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. Guyennon; F. Salerno; D. Rossi; M. Rainaldi; E. Calizza; E. Romano. 2021. "Climate change and water abstraction impacts on the long-term variability of water levels in Lake Bracciano (Central Italy): A Random Forest approach." Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 37, no. : 100880.
Lake evolution and its changes over time are an evident and easily measurable signal of human activities and climate change impacts in mountain regions. This study presents bathymetric modeling of permanent lakes (Begnas and Rara Lakes) located in two different geographic settings of Nepal. Moreover, temporal changes in land cover and soil erosion of the lake watersheds, as well as climatic trends around these lakes, are assessed. This study supports establishing reference sites for exploring scientific evidence on the impacts of anthropogenic and climate change on lake hydrological systems. Second-order polynomial models best represent the relationship between lake depth and volume. Rara Lake had a maximum depth of 169 m with an area of 10.52 km2 and a volume of 1013.305 million cubic meters (Mm3), whereas Begnas Lake had a maximum depth of 12.5 m with an area of 2.98 ± 0.10 km2 and a water volume of 13.539 Mm3 in the year 2019. Both lake regions are experiencing changes in temperature and rainfall. The area and volume of Rara Lake and its watershed have been relatively stable even with minimal land-cover change during the recent decades. Begnas Lake and its watershed have experienced significant changes in the last few decades. This study concludes that human activities in the Begnas Lake watersheds are the primary source of lake area variation rather than climate change.
Sudeep Thakuri; Furbe Lama; Rabin Malla; Nitesh Khadka; Narayan Ghimire; Franco Salerno. Lake Watershed Dynamics and Bathymetry Modeling of Rara and Begnas Lakes in Nepal. Earth 2021, 2, 272 -286.
AMA StyleSudeep Thakuri, Furbe Lama, Rabin Malla, Nitesh Khadka, Narayan Ghimire, Franco Salerno. Lake Watershed Dynamics and Bathymetry Modeling of Rara and Begnas Lakes in Nepal. Earth. 2021; 2 (2):272-286.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSudeep Thakuri; Furbe Lama; Rabin Malla; Nitesh Khadka; Narayan Ghimire; Franco Salerno. 2021. "Lake Watershed Dynamics and Bathymetry Modeling of Rara and Begnas Lakes in Nepal." Earth 2, no. 2: 272-286.
The paper describes a water quality case study conducted on the Lake Pusiano catchment. In recent years an integrated lake/catchment approach has been developed with aims to model the nutrient input and the ecological response of the lake. The catchment model uses a semi-distributed approach that has been applied to study water balance and transport of nutrients into the lake. The studied environment is strongly influenced by the observed hydrodynamic regime, while primary production depends on nutrients availability and ecological phenomena. In order to model these processes a coupled physical/ecological model (DYRESM/CAEDYM) has been applied, which works in connection with the catchment model. Following this integrated approach, it has been possible to identify satisfactory solutions to reach "good water quality conditions" in the lake and its effluent, and to draw guidelines for the catchment restoration plan as requested by the Water Framework Directive.
Andrea G Capodaglio; J. Boguniewicz; E. Llorens; Franco Salerno; D. Copetti; E. Legnani; E. Buraschi; G. Tartari. Integrated lake/catchment approach as a basis for the implementation of the WFD in the Lake Pusiano watershed. River Basin Management 2021, 77 -86.
AMA StyleAndrea G Capodaglio, J. Boguniewicz, E. Llorens, Franco Salerno, D. Copetti, E. Legnani, E. Buraschi, G. Tartari. Integrated lake/catchment approach as a basis for the implementation of the WFD in the Lake Pusiano watershed. River Basin Management. 2021; ():77-86.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea G Capodaglio; J. Boguniewicz; E. Llorens; Franco Salerno; D. Copetti; E. Legnani; E. Buraschi; G. Tartari. 2021. "Integrated lake/catchment approach as a basis for the implementation of the WFD in the Lake Pusiano watershed." River Basin Management , no. : 77-86.
The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in raw wastewaters has been demonstrated in many countries affected by this pandemic. Nevertheless, virus presence and infectivity in treated wastewaters, but also in the receiving water bodies are still poorly investigated. In this study, raw and treated samples from three wastewater treatment plants, and three river samples within the Milano Metropolitan Area, Italy, were surveyed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection by means of real time RT-PCR and infectivity test on culture cells. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in raw, but not in treated wastewaters (four and two samples, respectively, sampled in two dates). The isolated virus genome was sequenced, and belonged to the strain most spread in Europe and similar to another found in the same region. RNA presence in raw wastewater samples decreased after eight days, probably following the epidemiological trend estimated for the area. Virus infectivity was always null, indicating the natural decay of viral pathogenicity in time from emission. Samples from receiving rivers (three sites, sampled in the same dates as wastewaters) showed in some cases a positivity to real time RT-PCR, probably due to non-treated, or inefficiently treated discharges, or to the combined sewage overflows. Nevertheless, also for rivers infectivity was null. Risks for public health should be limited, although a precautionary approach to risk assessment is here advocated, giving the preliminary nature of the presented data.
Sara Giordana Rimoldi; Fabrizio Stefani; Anna Gigantiello; Stefano Polesello; Francesco Comandatore; Davide Mileto; Mafalda Maresca; Concetta Longobardi; Alessandro Mancon; Francesca Romeri; Cristina Pagani; Francesca Cappelli; Claudio Roscioli; Lorenzo Moja; Maria Rita Gismondo; Franco Salerno. Presence and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewaters and rivers. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 744, 140911 -140911.
AMA StyleSara Giordana Rimoldi, Fabrizio Stefani, Anna Gigantiello, Stefano Polesello, Francesco Comandatore, Davide Mileto, Mafalda Maresca, Concetta Longobardi, Alessandro Mancon, Francesca Romeri, Cristina Pagani, Francesca Cappelli, Claudio Roscioli, Lorenzo Moja, Maria Rita Gismondo, Franco Salerno. Presence and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewaters and rivers. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 744 ():140911-140911.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSara Giordana Rimoldi; Fabrizio Stefani; Anna Gigantiello; Stefano Polesello; Francesco Comandatore; Davide Mileto; Mafalda Maresca; Concetta Longobardi; Alessandro Mancon; Francesca Romeri; Cristina Pagani; Francesca Cappelli; Claudio Roscioli; Lorenzo Moja; Maria Rita Gismondo; Franco Salerno. 2020. "Presence and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewaters and rivers." Science of The Total Environment 744, no. : 140911-140911.
The interaction of climate with aquatic ecosystems is a multidisciplinary field of research involving water quantity and quality issues and having strong socio-economic implications. This special issue hosts 10 studies undertaken in 7 countries of 4 continents: Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America. The issue provides a wide spectrum of natural and artificial case-studies and covers a broad range of climatic conditions. Most of the studies adopted a modelling (50%) or a field (40%) approach and focused on water-quantity (60%), while the remaining were equally subdivided between water-quality and biogeochemistry. Forty percent of the papers directly face climate change. The diversity of approaches and case studies is the main aspect characterizing this special issue. Despite this high diversification, in relation to water-quantity related issues, we can identify the following messages: high attention to extreme meteorological events, drought in particular, even in regions once considered rich in water (e.g., northern Italy); fragility of agricultural and water supply systems in the face of extreme weather events, in particular in low-income countries (e.g., Madagascar); more attention to climate change compared to land cover/use change but importance of natural land cover to efficiently face the incoming climate change, in particular, in agriculture ecosystems. From a water quality biogeochemistry point of view, we can point out: sensitivity of lakes to climate change with the risk of biodiversity loss; need to reduce nutrient loads to mitigate eutrophication related problems, exacerbated by climate change; in particular, reduction of nitrogen loads from agriculture run-off, to reduce N2O emissions in large-shallow Chinese environments.
Diego Copetti; Franco Salerno. Climate–Water–Ecosystem–Interactions: Insights from Four Continent’s Case Studies. Water 2020, 12, 1445 .
AMA StyleDiego Copetti, Franco Salerno. Climate–Water–Ecosystem–Interactions: Insights from Four Continent’s Case Studies. Water. 2020; 12 (5):1445.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiego Copetti; Franco Salerno. 2020. "Climate–Water–Ecosystem–Interactions: Insights from Four Continent’s Case Studies." Water 12, no. 5: 1445.
Shrubs growing at higher latitudes and altitudes are considered to be highly sensitive to climate warming. In particular, alpine shrubs are potential climate proxies for understanding responses of high-elevation treeless ecosystems to warmer conditions. However, little is known about how alpine shrub radial growth responds to climate variables, specifically temperature and precipitation. This lack of knowledge is particularly notable in the Himalayas where shrubs reach some of their worldwide uppermost limits. Herein, we investigated the climatic response of alpine juniper shrub (Juniperus indica) to climate in two areas (dry Manang valley; wet Everest valley) situated in the central Himalayas. In spite of different sites and elevations, the radial growth of juniper shrub is positively correlated with spring precipitation in both areas, and also with summer precipitation in the dry area. Juniper shrub shares common climatic responses with Himalayan treeline tree populations, whose growth dynamics are also controlled by moisture availability. Thus, radial growth of juniper in the central Himalayas may experience drought stress if climate warming leads to drier conditions. We conclude that alpine shrubs are crucial indicators of the responses of alpine ecosystem to global climate warming.
Jayram Pandey; Shalik Ram Sigdel; XiaoMing Lu; Franco Salerno; Binod Dawadi; Eryuan Liang; Jesús Julio Camarero. Early growing-season precipitation drives radial growth of alpine juniper shrubs in the central Himalayas. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 2020, 102, 317 -330.
AMA StyleJayram Pandey, Shalik Ram Sigdel, XiaoMing Lu, Franco Salerno, Binod Dawadi, Eryuan Liang, Jesús Julio Camarero. Early growing-season precipitation drives radial growth of alpine juniper shrubs in the central Himalayas. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography. 2020; 102 (3):317-330.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJayram Pandey; Shalik Ram Sigdel; XiaoMing Lu; Franco Salerno; Binod Dawadi; Eryuan Liang; Jesús Julio Camarero. 2020. "Early growing-season precipitation drives radial growth of alpine juniper shrubs in the central Himalayas." Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 102, no. 3: 317-330.
Wastewater-based epidemiology has been proposed to monitor the diffusion and trend of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. In the present study, raw and treated samples from three wastewater treatment plants, and two river samples characterized the Milano Metropolitan Area, Italy, were surveyed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA positivity to real time PCR and infectiveness. Moreover, whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of isolated strains was performed. Raw wastewater samples resulted positive to PCR amplification, while treated water samples were always negative (four and two samples, respectively, sampled in two dates). Moreover, the rate of positivity in raw wastewater samples decreased after eight days, in congruence with the epidemiological trend estimated for the interested provinces. Virus infectiveness was always not significant, indicating the effectiveness of wastewater treatments, or the natural decay of viral vitality, which implied the absence of significant risk of infection from wastewaters. Samples from receiving rivers (two sites, sampled in the same dates as wastewaters) showed in some cases a positivity to PCR amplification, probably due to non-treated discharges, or the combined sewage overflows. Nevertheless, also for rivers vitality was negligible, indicating the absence of sanitary risks. Phylogenetic analysis of genome indicated that the isolated virus belongs to the most spread strain present in Europe and similar to another strain found in Lombardy.
Sara Giordana Rimoldi; Fabrizio Stefani; Anna Gigantiello; Stefano Polesello; Francesco Comandatore; Davide Mileto; Mafalda Maresca; Concetta Longobardi; Alessandro Mancon; Francesca Romeri; Cristina Pagani; Lorenzo Moja; Maria Rita Gismondo; Franco Salerno. Presence and vitality of SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewaters and rivers. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleSara Giordana Rimoldi, Fabrizio Stefani, Anna Gigantiello, Stefano Polesello, Francesco Comandatore, Davide Mileto, Mafalda Maresca, Concetta Longobardi, Alessandro Mancon, Francesca Romeri, Cristina Pagani, Lorenzo Moja, Maria Rita Gismondo, Franco Salerno. Presence and vitality of SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewaters and rivers. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSara Giordana Rimoldi; Fabrizio Stefani; Anna Gigantiello; Stefano Polesello; Francesco Comandatore; Davide Mileto; Mafalda Maresca; Concetta Longobardi; Alessandro Mancon; Francesca Romeri; Cristina Pagani; Lorenzo Moja; Maria Rita Gismondo; Franco Salerno. 2020. "Presence and vitality of SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewaters and rivers." , no. : 1.
Central Italy presents numerous factors potentially affecting the precipitation regime: 1) it includes both Tyrrhenian and Adriatic sides, the first exposed to Atlantic perturbation and generally more rainy, the second one possibly exposed also to Balkan streams; 2) due to the short distance between the two coasts (few tens of kilometres), also the more internal areas are prone to the influence of the sea; 3) at the same time, the highest reliefs of the Apennine chain are located in the region; 4) the Northern areas of the Adriatic side experience the influence of the continental climate, due to the Po Valley. The climate framework Central Italy sees in the last thirty years a tendency toward drier conditions and an increasing of drought events, mostly in frequency. To explore the variability in time and space of the precipitation regime in relation to the atmospheric patterns, land rainfall data collected and homogenised trough geostatistical approach over the period 1951-2019 in Central Italy have been analysed in relation to the following indexes: Winter NAO index, East Atlantic-West Russia index, Pacific/North America index, Polar/Eurasia index, Scandinavian index, Artic oscillation index, Western Mediterranean oscillation index. Focus of the analysis (1951-2019) is put on possible common signal between precipitation regime anomalies (on both Tyrrhenian and Adriatic side) and teleconnection patterns, sought through regression analysis and a wavelet and cross-wavelet decomposition. Results indicate that possible influence of some teleconnection patterns (particularly East Atlantic, East Atlantic/Western Russia and NAO) on the precipitation regime is limited to winter and early spring for the Tyrrhenian side, and to summer for the Adriatic side. Moreover, the analysis of the mean wavelet time series-period indicates an increasing in frequency of drought episodes for the last 20 years on both sides of the study area.
Emanuele Romano; Franco Salerno; Anna Bruna Petrangeli; Nicolas Guyennon. The role of teleconnection patterns in the increased drought frequency in Mediterranean climate: Some hints from central Italy. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleEmanuele Romano, Franco Salerno, Anna Bruna Petrangeli, Nicolas Guyennon. The role of teleconnection patterns in the increased drought frequency in Mediterranean climate: Some hints from central Italy. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmanuele Romano; Franco Salerno; Anna Bruna Petrangeli; Nicolas Guyennon. 2020. "The role of teleconnection patterns in the increased drought frequency in Mediterranean climate: Some hints from central Italy." , no. : 1.
The Snow Water Equivalent (SWE), combining the information of snow depth and snow density is a necessary variable for snow-hydrological studies and applications, as well as, for ecological function or avalanche forecasting. Direct automatics measurements of SWE requires an easy access to the monitoring site while manual measurements are costly and challenging. On the other hands, physically based models for snow density estimates require local meteorological data limiting their application in complex topography such as mountains areas. For this reason, different empirical regressions methods for the characterization of SWE and associated variability have been proposed for regional studies. In this study, we report our experience based on simple regression models able to characterize the new snow density and the snow bulk density at the scale of the entire Italian Alps, taking advantage of a decade of distributed observations. 12112 snowfall observations (2005-2015) gathered at 122 stations, ranging from 650 m to 2858 m a.s.l., have been analyzed to characterize the new snow density. 6078 snowpack depth and bulk density measurements (2009-2018) from 150 sites, ranging from 640 m to 3400 m a.s.l., have been collected to investigate the snow bulk density.
The mean air temperature of the 24 hours preceding the snowfall event, as a proxy of the transformation of freshly-fallen snow, has been found to be the best predictor of the new snow density, within 30% of uncertainty over the whole Italian Alps. While monthly regression allows considering part of the snow state variability through seasonality, the analysis of the associated residues suggests that, in the lack of local wind field information, the adoption of a local approach is not able to substantially increase the predictive capabilities of the model. The snow bulk density variability mainly responds to seasonality and can be estimated adopting the day of the year, as a proxy of the combined effect of compaction through seasonal snow accumulation and partial melting during the late season. Such approach enables a continuous (along the season) description of the SWE variation within 15% of uncertainty, similar to the within-site variability, presenting even better performances during the late season through the introduction of non-linearity. Differently from new snow density, regionalization performed considering separately those regions close to the sea improves the overall performances.
Although more performing models have already been proposed, the variables necessary to feed the proposed regressions (i.e. mean air temperature for new snow density and the day of the year for the bulk snow density) are easy to be acquired, making the proposed models valuable tools either in case of low instrumented watersheds or for past reconstruction. Finally, the low number of parameters to be calibrated makes the proposed regressions easy to be tested in other regions.
Nicolas Guyennon; Franco Salerno; Mauro Valt; Anna Bruna Petrangeli; Rosa Maria Salvatori; Emanuele Romano. Simple estimations of new and bulk snow density in the Italian Alps: Lessons from a decade of distributed observations. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleNicolas Guyennon, Franco Salerno, Mauro Valt, Anna Bruna Petrangeli, Rosa Maria Salvatori, Emanuele Romano. Simple estimations of new and bulk snow density in the Italian Alps: Lessons from a decade of distributed observations. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolas Guyennon; Franco Salerno; Mauro Valt; Anna Bruna Petrangeli; Rosa Maria Salvatori; Emanuele Romano. 2020. "Simple estimations of new and bulk snow density in the Italian Alps: Lessons from a decade of distributed observations." , no. : 1.
The great success of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and its successor Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) has accelerated the development of global high-resolution satellite-based precipitation products (SPP). However, the quantitative accuracy of SPPs has to be evaluated before using these datasets in water resource applications. This study evaluates the following GPM-era and TRMM-era SPPs based on two years (2014–2015) of reference daily precipitation data from rain gauge networks in ten mountainous regions: Integrated Multi-SatellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG, version 05B and version 06B), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Climate Prediction Center Morphing Method (CMORPH), Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP), and Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP), which represents a global precipitation data-blending product. The evaluation is performed at daily and annual temporal scales, and at 0.1 deg grid resolution. It is shown that GSMaPV07 surpass the performance of IMERGV06B Final for almost all regions in terms of systematic and random error metrics. The new orographic rainfall classification in the GSMaPV07 algorithm is able to improve the detection of orographic rainfall, the rainfall amounts, and error metrics. Moreover, IMERGV05B showed significantly better performance, capturing the lighter and heavier precipitation values compared to IMERGV06B for almost all regions due to changes conducted to the morphing, where motion vectors are derived using total column water vapor for IMERGV06B.
Yagmur Derin; Emmanouil Anagnostou; Alexis Berne; Marco Borga; Brice Boudevillain; Wouter Buytaert; Che-Hao Chang; Haonan Chen; Guy Delrieu; Yung Chia Hsu; Waldo Lavado-Casimiro; Bastian Manz; Semu Moges; Efthymios I. Nikolopoulos; Dejene Sahlu; Franco Salerno; Juan-Pablo Rodríguez-Sánchez; Humberto J. Vergara; Koray K. Yilmaz. Evaluation of GPM-era Global Satellite Precipitation Products over Multiple Complex Terrain Regions. Remote Sensing 2019, 11, 2936 .
AMA StyleYagmur Derin, Emmanouil Anagnostou, Alexis Berne, Marco Borga, Brice Boudevillain, Wouter Buytaert, Che-Hao Chang, Haonan Chen, Guy Delrieu, Yung Chia Hsu, Waldo Lavado-Casimiro, Bastian Manz, Semu Moges, Efthymios I. Nikolopoulos, Dejene Sahlu, Franco Salerno, Juan-Pablo Rodríguez-Sánchez, Humberto J. Vergara, Koray K. Yilmaz. Evaluation of GPM-era Global Satellite Precipitation Products over Multiple Complex Terrain Regions. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11 (24):2936.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYagmur Derin; Emmanouil Anagnostou; Alexis Berne; Marco Borga; Brice Boudevillain; Wouter Buytaert; Che-Hao Chang; Haonan Chen; Guy Delrieu; Yung Chia Hsu; Waldo Lavado-Casimiro; Bastian Manz; Semu Moges; Efthymios I. Nikolopoulos; Dejene Sahlu; Franco Salerno; Juan-Pablo Rodríguez-Sánchez; Humberto J. Vergara; Koray K. Yilmaz. 2019. "Evaluation of GPM-era Global Satellite Precipitation Products over Multiple Complex Terrain Regions." Remote Sensing 11, no. 24: 2936.
Permafrost degradation, rock-glacier thawing, and glacier retreat are influencing surface water quality at high elevations. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the dominant geochemical reactions occurring in different cryospheric conditions and how these reactions change during the ice-free season. In the Col d'Olen area (LTER site, NW Italian Alps), four ponds with similar sizes, located in basins with different cryospheric features (glacier, permafrost, rock glacier, none of these), are present in a geographically limited area. All ponds were sampled weekly in 2015 and partially in 2014. Major ions, selected trace elements, and biotic parameters (dissolved organic carbon-DOC, fluorescence index-FI, and nitrate) are examined to evidence the effect of different cryospheric features on water characteristics. Where cryospheric conditions occur chemical weathering is more intensive, with strong seasonal increase of major ions. Sulphide oxidation dominates in glacier and permafrost lying on acid rocks, probably driven by enhanced weathering of freshly exposed rocks in subglacial environment and recently deglaciated areas, and active layer thickness increase. Differently, carbonation dominates for the rock glacier lying on ultramafic rocks. There, high Ni concentrations originate from dissolution of Mg-bearing rocks in the landform. In all settings, pH neutralisation occurs because of the presence of secondary carbonate lithology and ultramafic rocks. Nitrate highest concentrations and changes occur in cryospheric settings while DOC and FI do not show strong differences and seasonal variations. The establishment of more frequent monitoring for water quality in high-elevated surface waters is necessary to provide greater statistical power to detect changes on longer time scales.
N. Colombo; F. Salerno; M. Martin; M. Malandrino; M. Giardino; E. Serra; D. Godone; D. Said-Pullicino; S. Fratianni; L. Paro; G. Tartari; M. Freppaz. Influence of permafrost, rock and ice glaciers on chemistry of high-elevation ponds (NW Italian Alps). Science of The Total Environment 2019, 685, 886 -901.
AMA StyleN. Colombo, F. Salerno, M. Martin, M. Malandrino, M. Giardino, E. Serra, D. Godone, D. Said-Pullicino, S. Fratianni, L. Paro, G. Tartari, M. Freppaz. Influence of permafrost, rock and ice glaciers on chemistry of high-elevation ponds (NW Italian Alps). Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 685 ():886-901.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. Colombo; F. Salerno; M. Martin; M. Malandrino; M. Giardino; E. Serra; D. Godone; D. Said-Pullicino; S. Fratianni; L. Paro; G. Tartari; M. Freppaz. 2019. "Influence of permafrost, rock and ice glaciers on chemistry of high-elevation ponds (NW Italian Alps)." Science of The Total Environment 685, no. : 886-901.
Significant elevation-dependent warming (EDW) of maximum near-surface air temperature and diurnal temperature range (DTR) has been observed in Nepal (southern central Himalaya) until 2566 m a.s.l., over the last four decades (1976–2015). During this period, on the average and across the entire country, maximum air temperature increased (+0.045 °C y−1, p < .001) more than minimum temperature (+0.009 °C y−1, p < .05) and, as a consequence, DTR also increased significantly (+0.034 °C y−1, p < .001). Maximum temperature increases have been observed during all seasons of the year. This warming pattern differs from the symmetrical one observed at global level in the same period, and it is in contrast to more prominent minimum temperature increases observed in the north of Himalaya (Tibetan Plateau). Furthermore, the near-surface air temperature change observed in Nepal contrasts the global evidence of main increasing trends occurring during the winter months. We point out that this asymmetric warming pattern could have more serious impacts in Nepal than in other regions of the world, considering the consequences of associated warm maximum-temperature extremes (heatwaves, hot days) on human life, increased primary production, and modifications in the hydrological cycle. We conclude sustaining that the observed EDW of maximum temperature and the DTR could be attributed to the monsoon weakening, namely to the reduced number of rainy days observed in the region during the last decades. These phenomena could have been accompanied by decreasing cloudiness and consequent increasing of daytime shortwave and decreasing of nighttime longwave incoming solar radiation.
Sudeep Thakuri; Suchana Dahal; Dibas Shrestha; Nicolas Guyennon; Emanuele Romano; Nicola Colombo; Franco Salerno. Elevation-dependent warming of maximum air temperature in Nepal during 1976–2015. Atmospheric Research 2019, 228, 261 -269.
AMA StyleSudeep Thakuri, Suchana Dahal, Dibas Shrestha, Nicolas Guyennon, Emanuele Romano, Nicola Colombo, Franco Salerno. Elevation-dependent warming of maximum air temperature in Nepal during 1976–2015. Atmospheric Research. 2019; 228 ():261-269.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSudeep Thakuri; Suchana Dahal; Dibas Shrestha; Nicolas Guyennon; Emanuele Romano; Nicola Colombo; Franco Salerno. 2019. "Elevation-dependent warming of maximum air temperature in Nepal during 1976–2015." Atmospheric Research 228, no. : 261-269.
Understanding the local valley wind regimes in the Hindu‐Kush Karakoram Himalaya is vital for future predictions of the glacio‐hydro‐meteorological system. Here the Weather Research and Forecasting model is employed at a resolution of 1 km to investigate the forces driving the local valley wind regime in a river basin in the Nepalese Himalaya, during July 2013 and January 2014. Comparing with observations shows that the model represents the diurnal cycle of the winds well, with strong daytime up‐valley winds and weak nighttime winds in both months. A momentum budget analysis of the model output shows that in the summer run the physical drivers of the near‐surface valley wind also have a clear diurnal cycle, and are dominated by the pressure gradient, advection, and turbulent vertical mixing, as well as a non‐physical numerical diffusion term. By contrast, the drivers in the winter run have a less consistent diurnal cycle. In both months, the pressure gradient, advection, numerical diffusion and Coriolis terms dominate up to 5000 m above the ground. The drivers are extremely variable over the valley, and also influenced by the presence of glaciers. When glaciers are removed from the model in the summer run, the wind continues further up the valley, indicating how the local valley winds might respond to future glacier shrinkage. The spatial variability of the drivers over both months is consistent with the complex topography in the basin, which must therefore be well represented in weather and regional climate models to generate accurate outputs.
Emily R. Potter; Andrew Orr; Ian C. Willis; Daniel Bannister; Franco Salerno. Dynamical Drivers of the Local Wind Regime in a Himalayan Valley. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 2018, 123, 1 .
AMA StyleEmily R. Potter, Andrew Orr, Ian C. Willis, Daniel Bannister, Franco Salerno. Dynamical Drivers of the Local Wind Regime in a Himalayan Valley. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2018; 123 (23):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmily R. Potter; Andrew Orr; Ian C. Willis; Daniel Bannister; Franco Salerno. 2018. "Dynamical Drivers of the Local Wind Regime in a Himalayan Valley." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 123, no. 23: 1.
Three hypotheses exist to explain how meteorological variables drive the amount and concentration of solute-enriched water from rock glaciers: (1) Warm periods cause increased subsurface ice melt, which releases solutes; (2) rain periods and the melt of long-lasting snow enhance dilution of rock-glacier outflows; and (3) percolation of rain through rock glaciers facilitates the export of solutes, causing an opposite effect as that described in hypothesis (2). This lack of detailed understanding likely exists because suitable studies of meteorological variables, hydrologic processes and chemical characteristics of water bodies downstream from rock glaciers are unavailable. In this study, a rock-glacier pond in the North-Western Italian Alps was studied on a weekly basis for the ice-free seasons 2014 and 2015 by observing the meteorological variables (air temperature, snowmelt, rainfall) assumed to drive the export of solute-enriched waters from the rock glacier and the hydrochemical response of the pond (water temperature as a proxy of rock-glacier discharge, stable water isotopes, major ions and selected trace elements). An intra-seasonal pattern of increasing solute export associated with higher rock-glacier discharge was found. Specifically, rainfall, after the winter snowpack depletion and prolonged periods of atmospheric temperature above 0 °C, was found to be the primary driver of solute export from the rock glacier during the ice-free season. This occurs likely through the flushing of isotopically- and geochemically-enriched icemelt, causing concomitant increases in the rock-glacier discharge and the solute export (SO42−, Mg2+, Ca2+, Ni, Mn, Co). Moreover, flushing of microbially-active sediments can cause increases in NO3− export.
Nicola Colombo; Stephan Gruber; Maria Martin; Mery Malandrino; Andrea Magnani; Danilo Godone; Michele Freppaz; Simona Fratianni; Franco Salerno. Rainfall as primary driver of discharge and solute export from rock glaciers: The Col d'Olen Rock Glacier in the NW Italian Alps. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 639, 316 -330.
AMA StyleNicola Colombo, Stephan Gruber, Maria Martin, Mery Malandrino, Andrea Magnani, Danilo Godone, Michele Freppaz, Simona Fratianni, Franco Salerno. Rainfall as primary driver of discharge and solute export from rock glaciers: The Col d'Olen Rock Glacier in the NW Italian Alps. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 639 ():316-330.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicola Colombo; Stephan Gruber; Maria Martin; Mery Malandrino; Andrea Magnani; Danilo Godone; Michele Freppaz; Simona Fratianni; Franco Salerno. 2018. "Rainfall as primary driver of discharge and solute export from rock glaciers: The Col d'Olen Rock Glacier in the NW Italian Alps." Science of The Total Environment 639, no. : 316-330.
Despite its strong impact on the time evolution of the snowpack, current estimation of new snow density (ρhn) is usually accomplished either by using local empirical techniques or by assuming a constant snow density. Faced with the lack of an estimation model of ρhn valid for a wide spatial scale and supported by a suitable number of observations, this study aims to develop simple monthly linear regression models at scale of the entire Italian Alpine chain based on 12112 snowfall observations at 122 stations, using only air temperature as predictor. Moreover, the remaining variance is investigated in both time and space, also considering some qualitative features of the snowfall events. The daily ρhn measurements present a mean value of 115 kg m‐3 (105 and 159 kg m‐3 for dry and wet conditions, respectively). The mean air temperature of the 24 hours preceding the snowfall event has been found to be the best predictor of the ρhn, within 31% of uncertainty. The analysis of associated residues allows supporting the idea that the adoption of a more local approach than the one analyzed here, is not able to substantially increase the predictive capabilities of the model. In fact, the main factor explaining the remaining variance over the air temperature is the wind, but in a complex orography, as mountain regions are, supplying realistic local wind fields is particularly challenging. Therefore, we conclude that using only the daily mean temperature as predictor is a good choice for estimating daily new snow density at scale of Italian Alpine chain, as well as at more regional scale.
Mauro Valt; Nicolas Guyennon; Franco Salerno; Anna B. Petrangeli; Rosamaria Salvatori; Paola Cianfarra; Emanuele Romano. Predicting new snow density in the Italian Alps: A variability analysis based on 10 years of measurements. Hydrological Processes 2018, 32, 3174 -3187.
AMA StyleMauro Valt, Nicolas Guyennon, Franco Salerno, Anna B. Petrangeli, Rosamaria Salvatori, Paola Cianfarra, Emanuele Romano. Predicting new snow density in the Italian Alps: A variability analysis based on 10 years of measurements. Hydrological Processes. 2018; 32 (20):3174-3187.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMauro Valt; Nicolas Guyennon; Franco Salerno; Anna B. Petrangeli; Rosamaria Salvatori; Paola Cianfarra; Emanuele Romano. 2018. "Predicting new snow density in the Italian Alps: A variability analysis based on 10 years of measurements." Hydrological Processes 32, no. 20: 3174-3187.
Climate change and urbanization are key factors affecting the future of water quality in urbanized catchments. The work reported in this paper is an evaluation of the combined and relative impact of climate change and urbanization on the water quality of receiving water bodies in the context of a highly urbanized watershed served by a combined sewer system (CSS) in northern Italy. The impact is determined by an integrated modelling study involving two years of field campaigns. The results obtained from the case study show that impervious urban surfaces and rainfall intensity are significant predictors of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and consequently of the water quality of the receiving water body. Scenarios for the year 2100 demonstrate that climate change combined with increasing urbanization is likely to lead to severe worsening of river water quality due to a doubling of the total phosphorus load from CSOs compared to the current load. Reduction in imperviousness was found to be a suitable strategy to adapt to these scenarios by limiting the construction of new impervious areas and decreasing the existing areas by only 15%. This information can be further utilized to develop future designs, which in turn should make these systems more resilient to future changes in climate and urbanization.
Franco Salerno; Viviano Gaetano; Tartari Gianni. Urbanization and climate change impacts on surface water quality: Enhancing the resilience by reducing impervious surfaces. Water Research 2018, 144, 491 -502.
AMA StyleFranco Salerno, Viviano Gaetano, Tartari Gianni. Urbanization and climate change impacts on surface water quality: Enhancing the resilience by reducing impervious surfaces. Water Research. 2018; 144 ():491-502.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFranco Salerno; Viviano Gaetano; Tartari Gianni. 2018. "Urbanization and climate change impacts on surface water quality: Enhancing the resilience by reducing impervious surfaces." Water Research 144, no. : 491-502.
Reconstructions of past fluvial contamination through the analysis of deep sediment cores are rarely reported in literature. We examined the phosphorus fractions in a deep (2.6 m) sediment core of the Lambro River downstream of the highly anthropized Milan metropolitan area and upstream of the Po river the main Italian watercourse. The core covered the period 1962–2011. Total phosphorus concentrations resulted typical of a strongly impacted environment (4788 mg P kg DW−1 on average) with the highest concentrations related to the 1960s (7639 mg P kg DW−1) reflecting the period of maximum demographic growth. Afterwards, phosphorus concentrations decreased thanks to the infrastructural and legislative initiatives carried out in the 1980s and the 1990s to reduce the impact of urban point sources. Subsequently, total phosphorus concentrations stabilized on values around 3000 mg P kg DW−1 and did not diminish further, even after the second phase of infrastructural interventions carried out in the second half of the 2000s. This was related to the increasing relative impact of the combined sewer overflows in the sewage system and to the strong phosphorus enrichment of the basin. Most of the phosphorus was in inorganic forms (86% of the total) that have been identified as the final target of the domestic effluent inputs. The contribution of organic phosphorus was lower but constant over the period 1962–2011. It likely originated from the agricultural areas located south of the city of Milan. In conclusion, this study underlines how past interventions have been effective in reducing urban point sources but it also highlights the current difficulties related to the growing importance of other sources influenced by the surface runoff (i.e., combined sewer overflows and agriculture). The study also emphasizes a general phosphorus enrichment of the Lambro River basin and its impact on the Po River and the Adriatic Sea.
Diego Copetti; Gianni Tartari; Lucia Valsecchi; Franco Salerno; Gaetano Viviano; Domenico Mastroianni; HongBin Yin; Luigi Viganò. Phosphorus content in a deep river sediment core as a tracer of long-term (1962–2011) anthropogenic impacts: A lesson from the Milan metropolitan area. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 646, 37 -48.
AMA StyleDiego Copetti, Gianni Tartari, Lucia Valsecchi, Franco Salerno, Gaetano Viviano, Domenico Mastroianni, HongBin Yin, Luigi Viganò. Phosphorus content in a deep river sediment core as a tracer of long-term (1962–2011) anthropogenic impacts: A lesson from the Milan metropolitan area. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 646 ():37-48.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiego Copetti; Gianni Tartari; Lucia Valsecchi; Franco Salerno; Gaetano Viviano; Domenico Mastroianni; HongBin Yin; Luigi Viganò. 2018. "Phosphorus content in a deep river sediment core as a tracer of long-term (1962–2011) anthropogenic impacts: A lesson from the Milan metropolitan area." Science of The Total Environment 646, no. : 37-48.
Management of water supply systems under shortage conditions due to drought requires computational tools able to relate the past precipitation regime over different time scales to future water resources availability. This work proposes a modelling framework to address the occurrence of shortage for water supply systems whose resource is constituted by natural or artificial reservoirs. The proposed methodology aims at identifying “management triggers” for possible mitigation measures. Emphasis is given on the use of standardized indices to promote information sharing. The implemented tool is structured into five modules: “hydrological” module; “scenarios” module; “reservoir” module; a module for the evaluation of “indices of shortage”; and a “support to early-warning” module. The whole procedure has been applied to three Italian reservoirs. For each water body, a case specific shortage early-warning system, based on standardized precipitation indices has been identified, allowing the implementation of efficient local mitigation measures.
Emanuele Romano; Nicolas Guyennon; Andrea Duro; Raffaele Giordano; Anna Bruna Petrangeli; Ivan Portoghese; Franco Salerno. A Stakeholder Oriented Modelling Framework for the Early Detection of Shortage in Water Supply Systems. Water 2018, 10, 762 .
AMA StyleEmanuele Romano, Nicolas Guyennon, Andrea Duro, Raffaele Giordano, Anna Bruna Petrangeli, Ivan Portoghese, Franco Salerno. A Stakeholder Oriented Modelling Framework for the Early Detection of Shortage in Water Supply Systems. Water. 2018; 10 (6):762.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmanuele Romano; Nicolas Guyennon; Andrea Duro; Raffaele Giordano; Anna Bruna Petrangeli; Ivan Portoghese; Franco Salerno. 2018. "A Stakeholder Oriented Modelling Framework for the Early Detection of Shortage in Water Supply Systems." Water 10, no. 6: 762.
Debris‐covered glaciers are ubiquitous in the Himalaya and supraglacial debris significantly alters how glaciers respond to climate forcing. Estimating debris thickness at the glacier scale, however, remains a challenge. This study inverts a sub‐debris melt model to estimate debris thickness for three glaciers in the Everest region from digital elevation model (DEM) difference‐derived elevation change. Flux divergences are estimated from ice thickness and surface velocity data. Monte Carlo simulations are used to incorporate the uncertainties associated with debris properties, flux divergence, and elevation change. On Ngozumpa Glacier, surface lowering data from 2010 – 2012 and 2012 – 2014 are used to calibrate and validate the method, respectively. The debris thickness estimates are consistent with existing in‐situ measurements. The method performs well over both actively flowing and stagnant parts of the glacier and is able to accurately estimate thicker debris (> 0.5 m). Uncertainties associated with the thermal conductivity and elevation change contribute the most to uncertainties of the debris thickness estimates. The surface lowering associated with ice cliffs and supraglacial ponds was found to significantly reduce debris thickness, especially for thicker debris. The method is also applied to Khumbu and Imja‐Lhotse Shar Glaciers to highlight its potential for regional application.
David R. Rounce; Owen King; Michael McCarthy; David E. Shean; Franco Salerno. Quantifying Debris Thickness of Debris‐Covered Glaciers in the Everest Region of Nepal Through Inversion of a Subdebris Melt Model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 2018, 123, 1094 -1115.
AMA StyleDavid R. Rounce, Owen King, Michael McCarthy, David E. Shean, Franco Salerno. Quantifying Debris Thickness of Debris‐Covered Glaciers in the Everest Region of Nepal Through Inversion of a Subdebris Melt Model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. 2018; 123 (5):1094-1115.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid R. Rounce; Owen King; Michael McCarthy; David E. Shean; Franco Salerno. 2018. "Quantifying Debris Thickness of Debris‐Covered Glaciers in the Everest Region of Nepal Through Inversion of a Subdebris Melt Model." Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 123, no. 5: 1094-1115.
Andrea Magnani; Franco Ajmone-Marsan; Michele D'amico; Raffaella Balestrini; Gaetano Viviano; Franco Salerno; Michele Freppaz. Soil properties and trace elements distribution along an altitudinal gradient on the southern slope of Mt. Everest, Nepal. CATENA 2018, 162, 61 -71.
AMA StyleAndrea Magnani, Franco Ajmone-Marsan, Michele D'amico, Raffaella Balestrini, Gaetano Viviano, Franco Salerno, Michele Freppaz. Soil properties and trace elements distribution along an altitudinal gradient on the southern slope of Mt. Everest, Nepal. CATENA. 2018; 162 ():61-71.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Magnani; Franco Ajmone-Marsan; Michele D'amico; Raffaella Balestrini; Gaetano Viviano; Franco Salerno; Michele Freppaz. 2018. "Soil properties and trace elements distribution along an altitudinal gradient on the southern slope of Mt. Everest, Nepal." CATENA 162, no. : 61-71.