The extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) of sub-wavelength nanohole array is significantly enhanced through introducing nanoparticles, including nanospheres and nanocylinders, into the centers of the nanoholes. Maxima of 56% and 48% for nanocylinder and nanosphere matrices are achieved, compared with that of 37% for a none-in-hole nanohole array gold film. The mechanism behind the phenomena is discussed, indicating that surface plasmon mode coupling between nanoholes and nanoparticles rather than Fabry–Pérot resonance is the cause for the EOT enhancement. High near-field intensity enhancement also leads to the interaction between analytes and optical field increasing, therefore an improved sensitivity and figure of merit for biosensing. The modified structures are highly promising in practical sensing applications due to the incident angle independence. Similar results are obtained for a hexagonal array of nanohole gold film and nanoparticle modifications thereof.

We present and experimentally demonstrate a highly sensitive sensor for simultaneously measuring the refractive index (RI) and temperature based on a multipath fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer. The sensor is fabricated by sandwiching a segment of weak-coupling seven-core fiber (SCF) with two short multimode fibers, and then splicing it with lead-in and lead-out single-mode fibers, respectively. Six outer cores of the SCF are half-etched chemically for enhancing the interaction between light and matter. A high-quality transmission spectrum with 23 dB fringe visibility is obtained. Due to the strong interaction between the outer core modes and cladding modes with the surrounding medium, the proposed fiber structure exhibits not only an extremely high RI sensitivity of $-1802.26\mathrm{nm}/\mathrm{RI}$ unit from 1.427 to 1.442, but also a superior temperature sensitivity of 82 pm/°C from 10°C to 90°C. Moreover, RI and temperature can be discriminated simultaneously by measuring the central wavelength shifts of two transmission notches. This sensor has outstanding advantages of high sensitivity, easy fabrication, simple structure, and low cost, and may find applications in multiparameter highly sensitive sensing.

To meet the requirements of riser safety monitoring in offshore oil fields, a new Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG)-based bundle-structure riser stress monitoring sensor has been developed. In cooperation with many departments, a 49-day marine test in water depths of 1365 m and 1252 m was completed on the “HYSY-981” ocean oil drilling platform. No welding and pasting were used when the sensor was installed on risers. Therefore, the installation is convenient, reliable and harmless to risers. The continuous, reasonable, time-consistent data obtained indicates that the sensor worked normally under water. In all detailed working conditions, the test results show that the sensor can do well in reflecting stresses and bending moments both in and in magnitude. The measured maximum stress is 132.7 MPa, which is below the allowable stress. In drilling and testing conditions, the average riser stress was 86.6 MPa, which is within the range of the China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) mechanical simulation results.

Breath is one of the most important physiological features of human life. In particular, it is significant to monitor the physical characteristics of breath, such as breath frequency and tidal volume. Breath sensors play an important role in the field of human health monitoring. However, an electronic breath sensor is not stable or even safe when the patient is in a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) system or during any oncology treatment that requires radiation and other high electric/magnetic fields. Fiber-optic-based sensors have attracted a considerable amount of attention from researchers since they are immune to electromagnetic interference. Here, we propose and demonstrate a fiber-optic-based relative-humidity (RH)-sensing strategy by depositing Ti₃C₂T_x nanosheets onto an etched single-mode fiber (ESMF). The humidity sensor function is realized by modulating the transmitted light in the ESMF using the excellent hydrophilic properties of Ti₃C₂T_x. Experiments show that the coated Ti₃C₂T_x nanosheets can effectively modulate the transmitted light in the ESMF in the relative humidity range of 30~80% RH. The sensor’s fast response time of 0.176 s and recovery time of 0.521 s allow it to be suitable for real-time human breath monitoring. The effective recognition of different breath rhythms, including fast, normal, deep, and strong breathing patterns, has been realized. This work demonstrates an all-optical Ti₃C₂T_x-based sensing platform that combines Ti₃C₂T_x with an optical fiber for humidity sensing for the first time, which has great promise for breath monitoring and presents novel options for gas-monitoring applications in the biomedical and chemical fields.

The combination of a flexible device and novel electromagnetic resonances offers new dimensions to manipulate electromagnetic waves and promises new device functionalities. In this study, we experimentally demonstrate a flexible metasurface that can support the bound state in the continuum (BIC) in the terahertz regime. The metasurface consists of toroidal dipole resonant units on top of the flexible polyimide substrate, which can support a terahertz Friedrich–Wintgen BIC resonance, and the resonance characteristics can be tuned by changing the parameters of the coupling unit among two resonant modes. The BIC resonances under different bending conditions are analyzed and compared, showing decent mechanical robustness. The sensing application is demonstrated by combining Fetal Bovine Serum with the flexible BIC metasurface. The measured minimum detectable concentration is 0.007 mg mL⁻¹. Benefiting from the mechanical flexibility and BIC resonance characteristics, our approach can effectively manipulate terahertz waves and have potential applications in the realization of multifunctional and flexible photonic devices.