In the present study Mentha arvensis medaited Magnesium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by novel green route followed by advanced characterization via XRD, FTIR, UV, SEM, TEM, DLS and TGA. The mean grain size of 32.4 nm and crystallite fcc morphology were confirmed by X-ray diffractive analysis. Scanning and Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed the spherical and elliptical morphologies of the biosynthesized nanoparticles. Particle surface charge of −16.1 mV were determined by zeta potential and zeta size of 30–120 nm via dynamic light scattering method. Fourier transform spectroscopic analysis revealed the possible involvement of functional groups in the plant extract in reduction of Mg²⁺ ions to Mg⁰. Furthermore, the antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, anti-cancer, and anti-H. pylori activities were performed. The results revealed that MgO-NPs has significant anti-H. pyloric potential by giving ZOI of 17.19 ± 0.83 mm against Helicobacter felis followed by Helicobacter suis. MgO-NPs inhibited protein kinase enzyme up to 12.44 ± 0.72% at 5 mg/mL and thus showed eminent anticancer activity. Significant free radicals scavenging and hemocompatability was also shown by MgO-NPs. MgO-NPs also displayed good inhibition potential against Hela cell lines with maximum inhibition of 49.49 ± 1.18 at 400 µg/mL. Owing to ecofriendly synthesis, non-toxic and biocompatible nature, Mentha arvensis synthesized MgO-NPs can be used as potent antimicrobial agent in therapeutic applications.

Nanotechnology is a new field that has gained considerable importance due to its potential uses in the field of biosciences, medicine, engineering, etc. In the present study, bio-inspired metallic iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) were prepared using biomass of Enterobacter train G52. The prepared particles were characterized by UV-spectroscopy, TGA, XRD, SEM, EDX, and FTIR techniques. The crystalline nature of the prepared FeNPs was confirmed by XRD. The SEM techniques revealed the particles size to be 23 nm, whereas in FTIR spectra the peaks in the functional group region indicated the involvement of bioactive compounds of selected bacterial strains in the capping of FeNPs. The EDX confirmed the presence of iron in the engineered FeNPs. The FeNPs were then evaluated for its antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer’s, anti-larvicidal, protein kinase inhibition, anti-diabetic, and biocompatibility potentials using standard protocols. Substantial activities were observed in almost all biological assays used. The antioxidant, anti-cholinesterase, and anti-diabetic potential of the prepared nanoparticles were high in comparison to other areas of biological potential, indicating that the FeNPs are capable of targeting meditators of oxidative stress leading to diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease. However, the claim made needs some further experimentation to confirm the observed potential in in vivo animal models.

The apple is the most widely used fruit globally. Apples are more prone to fungal spoilage, which leads to browning and subsequent changes in their flavor and texture. Browning is also caused by the tyrosinase enzyme. By inhibiting tyrosinase initiation and fungal spoilage in fruits, the natural flavor and texture of fruits can be maintained. Biogenic NPs can act as antioxidants to inhibit tyrosinase and due to oxidative stress, it also catalyzes the deformation of fungal hyphae and spores. Nanotechnology is a research hotspot that has gained considerable interest due to its potential inferences in biosciences and food preservation technology. The present study aims to use biomass from the Fagonia cretica to create bio-inspired manganese oxide MnO₂ NPs and to evaluate its bio-catalytic potential for antifungal anti-browning through the inhibition of tyrosinase and its antioxidant potential for preserving apple flavor and texture. The green synthesized nanoparticles were extensively analyzed using UV spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, EDX, and FTIR techniques. Moreover, the synthesized manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO₂ NPs) were evaluated for their bio-catalytic potential as anti-fungal and anti-spoiling agents. The values of antifungal activity among all the samples were 14.2 ± 86 mm, 8.9 ± 6.0 mm, 17.7 ± 1.26, and 20.7 ± 4.38 mm for Penicillium expansum, Monilinia fructigena, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Aspergillus oryzae at 200 µg/well, respectively. Moreover, the biogenic NPs were evaluated for their anti-browning potential through the inhibition of tyrosinase. MnO₂ NPs have been shown to have considerable inhibitory effects on tyrosinase up to 64.8 ± 0.16 at 200 µg/mL and (27.2 ± 0.58) at 25 µg/mL. Biogenic MnO₂ NPs can also act as antioxidants to inhibit tyrosinase and fungal growth by the formation of free radicals that damage the fungal hyphae and, as a result, slow down browning. The maximum DPPH free radical scavenging activity was 74.5 ± 0.39% at 200 µg/mL, and the minimum was 12.4 ± 0.27 at 25 µg/mL. The biogenic MnO₂ NPs are biocompatible and play a potent role in maintaining the flavor and texture of apples.

Syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection, is a deadly disease caused by Treponema pallidum. It is a Gram-negative spirochete that can infect nearly every organ of the human body. It can be transmitted both sexually and perinatally. Since syphilis is the second most fatal sexually transmitted disease after AIDS, an efficient vaccine candidate is needed to establish long-term protection against infections by T. pallidum. This study used reverse-vaccinology-based immunoinformatic pathway subtractive proteomics to find the best antigenic proteins for multi-epitope vaccine production. Six essential virulent and antigenic proteins were identified, including the membrane lipoprotein TpN32 (UniProt ID: O07950), DNA translocase FtsK (UniProt ID: O83964), Protein Soj homolog (UniProt ID: O83296), site-determining protein (UniProt ID: F7IVD2), ABC transporter, ATP-binding protein (UniProt ID: O83930), and Sugar ABC superfamily ATP-binding cassette transporter, ABC protein (UniProt ID: O83782). We found that the multiepitope subunit vaccine consisting of 4 CTL, 4 HTL, and 11 B-cell epitopes mixed with the adjuvant TLR-2 agonist ESAT6 has potent antigenic characteristics and does not induce an allergic response. Before being docked at Toll-like receptors 2 and 4, the developed vaccine was modeled, improved, and validated. Docking studies revealed significant binding interactions, whereas molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated its stability. Furthermore, the immune system simulation indicated significant and long-lasting immunological responses. The vaccine was then reverse-transcribed into a DNA sequence and cloned into the pET28a (+) vector to validate translational activity as well as the microbial production process. The vaccine developed in this study requires further scientific consensus before it can be used against T. pallidum to confirm its safety and efficacy.

Nanotechnology is a research hotspot that has gained considerable interest due to its potential inferences in the bioscience, medical, and engineering disciplines. The present study uses biomass from the Enterobacter hormaechei EAF63 strain to create bio-inspired metallic tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO₂ NPs). The biosynthesized NPs were extensively analyzed using UV spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. The identification of the crystalline phase was confirmed by XRD. The SEM technique elucidated the morphological characteristics and size of SnO₂ NPs. SEM investigation revealed that the SnO₂ NPs have a size of 10 nm with spherical morphology. The capping of NPs was confirmed by FTIR analysis that revealed the presence of different compounds found in the biomass of the E. hormaechei EAF63 strain. Later, EDX confirmed the elemental composition of NPs. Moreover, the synthesized SnO₂ NPs were employed for important applications including anti-aging, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-inflammatory, anti-larvicidal, and antibacterial action against sinusitis pathogens. The highest value was observed for Streptococcus pyogenes (19.75 ± 0.46), followed by Moraxella catarrhalis (17.49 ± 0.82) and Haemophilus influenzae (15.31 ± 0.73), respectively. Among the used concentrations, the highest inhibition of 76.8 ± 0.93 for 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) was observed at 400 μg/mL, followed by 67.4 ± 0.91 for cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1). So, as an outcome, E. hormaechei-mediated SnO₂ NPs might be considered as the safe and effective nanoplatforms for multifunctional biological applications in the field of nanomedicine.