Background/Objectives: Personalized dietary recommendations are essential for managing chronic conditions such as diabetes and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, traditional approaches often fall short in accounting for individual metabolic variability. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of artificial intelligence (AI)-generated dietary interventions in improving clinical outcomes among adults. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched six electronic databases for peer-reviewed studies published between 19 November 2015 to 6 September 2024. Eligible studies included adults aged 18 to 91 who received AI-generated dietary recommendations based on biomarkers such as blood glucose, gut microbiome composition, and self-reported data. Study designs included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), pre-post studies, and cross-sectional analyses. The GRADE system was used to assess the quality of evidence. Results: Eleven studies met inclusion criteria (five RCTs, five pre-post designs, one cross-sectional). Most AI methods used in the included studies were based on machine learning (ML), including conventional ML algorithms, deep learning (DL), and hybrid approaches integrating ML with IoT-based systems. Interventions led to improved glycemic control, metabolic health, and psychological well-being. Notable outcomes included a 39% reduction in IBS symptom severity and a 72.7% diabetes remission rate. Among nine studies with comparison groups, six reported statistically significant improvements in AI groups, two found comparable or better outcomes, and one found no difference. Mild side effects such as fatigue and constipation were observed. Conclusions: AI-generated dietary interventions show promise in surpassing traditional approaches by providing personalized, data-driven recommendations. Further research is needed to validate long-term effects, refine intervention protocols, and enhance user adherence in both clinical and public health settings.

This study aimed to compare the effects of two 12-week training intervention experimental ball games combined with standard behavioral rehabilitation against a control group solely utilizing standard behavioral rehabilitation on social communication impairments (SCI) in preschool children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). A multi-arm controlled study design was implemented, involving 41 children diagnosed with ASD (mean age: 4.99 ± 0.76 years). 41 participants were randomized assigned to two experimental groups and a control group, The experimental group carried out ball combination training program group (BCTP) and mini-basketball training program group (MBTP) on the basis of routine behavioral rehabilitation, which underwent 12-week training interventions 5 times a week. The control group (n = 14) received only standard behavioral rehabilitation. Evaluations were conducted before and after interventions using the Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS-2). The results suggest that both 12-week interventions, BCTP, and MBTP, led to significant improvements in social communication impairment among children with ASD (p < 0.05). Despite enhancing the overall scores on the SRS-2, these interventions displayed varying impacts across different sub-dimensions. BCTP primarily exhibited significant enhancements in social awareness and behavior pattern (p < 0.05), whereas MBTP significantly improved social cognition and social communication (p < 0.05). Both interventions showed slight improvements in social motivation. The utilization of recreational ball games has showed to be effective in decreasing the impairment levels of children with ASD, while the control group experienced a worsening of outcomes. This suggests that irrespective of the specific ball game strategy employed, both can be employed on a weekly basis to complement standard behavioral rehabilitation and enhance the ability to improve the quality of life for children diagnosed with ASD. The trial is retrospectively registered on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR1900024973;August 5, 2019).

Sleep problems significantly affect the quality of life of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 12-week b

Background: Eating behavior problems significantly affect the physical health and quality of life of children with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disabilities (co-occurring ASD/ID). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 12-week Ball Combination Training Program (BCTP), continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS), and an intervention combining both (in the CIG) on the eating behaviors of children with co-occurring ASD/ID. Methods: A total of 48 participants were assigned into one of four groups: the BCTP (n = 13), cTBS (n = 12), the CIG (n = 11), and a control group (n = 12). The intervention groups received their respective treatments in addition to the routine institutional rehabilitation, whereas the control group only received the standard institutional rehabilitation. The intervention outcomes were assessed using the parent-reported Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ). Results: The results indicated that all three intervention methods led to improvements in their eating behavior after 12 weeks. Specifically, the BCTP group and the CIG demonstrated significantly reduced Food Fussiness behavior, while the children’s Enjoyment of Food was markedly enhanced in the cTBS group and the CIG. Furthermore, the CIG experienced a particularly notable effect in terms of the improvement in the Satiety Responsiveness dimension of their eating behavior. Among the three approaches, the CIG demonstrated a clear advantage over the single interventions in terms of both the breadth and magnitude of its improvements. Conclusions: This study confirmed the effectiveness of these three intervention strategies in addressing dietary behavior problems among children with co-occurring ASD/ID. Future research should focus on exploring the combined intervention approach further, particularly its potential synergy, while delving deeper into the neural mechanisms underlying these behavioral improvements.

Background: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) frequently experience eating-related behavioral difficulties; however, the relationships among these difficulties, core ASD deficits, and executive function remain poorly understood. The present study examined how core ASD characteristics—restrictive and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) and social impairments—relate to eating behaviors, including food approach and avoidance tendencies. In addition, the study explored whether executive function serves as a mediating mechanism underlying these associations. Methods: A total of 184 children aged 3–12 years participated in this cross-sectional study. All variables were measured using parent-reported questionnaires, and data were analyzed through path modeling. The Social Responsiveness Scale–Second Edition (SRS-2) and the Repetitive Behavior Scale–Revised (RBS-R) were employed to assess social impairments and RRBs, respectively. Eating behaviors—comprising food approach and food avoidance dimensions—were evaluated with the Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ), while executive function was measured using the Child Executive Functioning Inventory (CHEXI). Results: The analysis revealed significant associations between RRBs and both food approach and food avoidance behaviors in children with ASD. Crucially, follow-up regression analyses specifying RRBs subtypes showed that Stereotyped Behavior independently predicted both food approach (β = 0.305, p < 0.001) and avoidance (β = 0.217, p = 0.002), while Compulsive Behavior specifically predicted food avoidance (β = 0.173, p = 0.021). Furthermore, executive function appeared to serve as a potential mediator in these relationships, suggesting that impairments in executive control may partially explain how repetitive behaviors influence eating patterns. Although social impairments showed weaker direct associations with eating behaviors, they indirectly affected both food approach and avoidance behaviors through deficits in executive function, highlighting the complex interplay among behavioral, cognitive, and social domains in ASD. Conclusions: These findings indicate that RRBs—one of the core characteristics of ASD—can predict children’s eating behaviors and are concurrently linked to two seemingly opposite eating patterns. Both social impairments and RRBs appear to influence eating behaviors through executive dysfunction. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying atypical eating behaviors in children with ASD and identifies executive function as a promising target for interventions aimed at improving eating-related outcomes in this population.