Over the last decade, the superior properties of graphene have contributed to intensive studies on the fabrication and applications of graphene nanocomposites. Ex-situ homologous recombination and recombination techniques were listed. Because of their remarkable features, including thermal conductivity and high-specific area, graphene and its derivatives have a significant prospective for medical and biological applications, including drug delivery and bio-imaging. The usage of graphene-based nanomaterials is a hot topic in medicinal research. Many research studies have been performed on graphene-based composites, but only a few reviews have been published regarding their applications in the biomedical field and potential risk factors associated with human well-being and the environment. Hence, this review paper aims to provide in-depth information on ongoing knowledge and results about the properties of graphene-based composites. The discovery, developmental methods, structural properties, and synthesis of graphene nanomaterials have been discussed. After a brief description of the most common methods used for fabricating or extracting graphene derivatives, the main steps of graphene-based composite preparation are introduced. Applications of graphene-based composites in drug delivery, medical, and biomedical fields have been addressed. Finally, the future perspectives and challenges associated with the applications of graphene-based composites have been summarized. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Graphene has attracted extensive attention in various fields due to its intriguing properties. In this work, nanocomposite films based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA and PLLA) polymers filled with graphene oxide (GO) were developed. The impact of treating GO with the anionic surfactant dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) on the properties of the resulting nanocomposites was investigated. To determine the morphological, optical, and structural properties of the obtained materials, physicochemical analyses were performed, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Additionally, the thermal properties and wettability of neat polymers and nanocomposites were thoroughly investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and contact angle analysis. It was observed that GO was well dispersed throughout the PLA and PLLA matrix, leading to stronger interface bonding. The results demonstrate that the untreated and treated GO improved the crystallinity and thermal stability properties of the PLA and PLLA. However, the AOT-treated GO has significantly higher performance compared to the untreated GO in terms of crystallinity, melting temperature (increased by ~15 °C), and wettability (the contact angle decreased by ~30°). These findings reveal the high performance of the developed novel composite, which could be applied in tissue engineering as a scaffold.