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Samuel Stamp
Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, University College London (UCL), Central House, London, UK

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Research article
Published: 26 May 2021 in Indoor and Built Environment
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The indoor air quality (IAQ) of five low-energy London apartments has been assessed through the measurement of 16 key pollutants, using continuous and diffusive methods across heating and non-heating seasons. This case study approach aimed to assess the presence of pollutants within low-energy apartments and to better understand the role of ventilation and seasonal variations in indoor air quality. The results indicate strong seasonal variations, driven by increased natural ventilation rates over the summer monitoring period. A combined metric for indoor and outdoor pollutants ( Itot) suggests that the IAQ in the winter ( Itot = 17.7) is more than twice as bad as that seen in the summer ( Itot = 8.6). Formaldehyde concentrations were lower in the non-heating season, indicating increased ventilation rates more than offset increased off-gassing, in contrast to findings in other studies. However, increased summertime ventilation rates were observed to increase the proportion of outdoor pollutants entering the internal environment. This resulted in higher indoor concentrations of NO2 in the summer than the winter, despite significant reductions in outdoor concentrations. These results demonstrate the impact of ventilation practices upon IAQ, the influence of occupant actions and the complex relationship ventilation rates play in balancing indoor and outdoor sources of air pollution.

ACS Style

Samuel Stamp; Esfand Burman; Clive Shrubsole; Lia Chatzidiakou; Dejan Mumovic; Mike Davies. Seasonal variations and the influence of ventilation rates on IAQ: A case study of five low-energy London apartments. Indoor and Built Environment 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Samuel Stamp, Esfand Burman, Clive Shrubsole, Lia Chatzidiakou, Dejan Mumovic, Mike Davies. Seasonal variations and the influence of ventilation rates on IAQ: A case study of five low-energy London apartments. Indoor and Built Environment. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel Stamp; Esfand Burman; Clive Shrubsole; Lia Chatzidiakou; Dejan Mumovic; Mike Davies. 2021. "Seasonal variations and the influence of ventilation rates on IAQ: A case study of five low-energy London apartments." Indoor and Built Environment , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 15 January 2021 in Atmosphere
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Hospitals are controlled yet complex ecosystems which provide a therapeutic environment that promotes healing, wellbeing and work efficiency for patients and staff. As these buildings accommodate the sick and vulnerable, occupant wellbeing and good indoor environmental quality (IEQ) that deals with indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal comfort, lighting and acoustics are important objectives. As the specialist nature of hospital function demands highly controlled indoor environments, this makes them energy intensive buildings due to the complex and varying specifications for their functions and operations. This paper reports on a holistic building performance evaluation covering aspects of indoor air quality, thermal comfort, lighting, acoustics, and energy use. It assesses the performance issues and inter-relationships between IEQ and energy in a new building on a hospital campus in the city of Bristol, United Kingdom. The empirical evidence collated from this case study and the feedback received from the hospital staff help identify the endemic issues and constraints related to hospital buildings, such as the need for robust ventilation strategies in hospitals in urban areas that mitigate the effect of indoor and outdoor air pollution and ensuring the use of planned new low-carbon technologies. Whilst the existing guidelines for building design provide useful instructions for the protection of hospital buildings against ingress of particulate matter from outdoors, more advanced filtration strategies may be required to enact chemical reactions required to control the concentration levels of pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide and benzene. Further lessons for improved performance in operation and maintenance of hospitals are highlighted. These include ensuring that the increasingly available metering and monitoring data in new buildings, through building management systems, is used for efficient and optimal building operations for better IEQ and energy management. Overall, the study highlights the need for an integrated and holistic approach to building performance to ensure that healthy environments are provided while energy efficiency targets are met.

ACS Style

Nishesh Jain; Esfand Burman; Samuel Stamp; Clive Shrubsole; Roderic Bunn; Tin Oberman; Edward Barrett; Francesco Aletta; Jian Kang; Peter Raynham; Dejan Mumovic; Mike Davies. Building Performance Evaluation of a New Hospital Building in the UK: Balancing Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 115 .

AMA Style

Nishesh Jain, Esfand Burman, Samuel Stamp, Clive Shrubsole, Roderic Bunn, Tin Oberman, Edward Barrett, Francesco Aletta, Jian Kang, Peter Raynham, Dejan Mumovic, Mike Davies. Building Performance Evaluation of a New Hospital Building in the UK: Balancing Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (1):115.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nishesh Jain; Esfand Burman; Samuel Stamp; Clive Shrubsole; Roderic Bunn; Tin Oberman; Edward Barrett; Francesco Aletta; Jian Kang; Peter Raynham; Dejan Mumovic; Mike Davies. 2021. "Building Performance Evaluation of a New Hospital Building in the UK: Balancing Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance." Atmosphere 12, no. 1: 115.

Journal article
Published: 07 July 2020 in Building and Environment
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Long-term, continuous air quality monitoring has been carried out alongside seasonal passive sampling within a case study a hospital, school and office building, representing a cross-section of the UK non-domestic sector. This approach aimed at adopting state of the art sensor technology to provide a greater understanding of the variations in indoor air quality over time and how these variations relate to both building operation and occupant behavior. The results highlight how the relationship between indoor and outdoor air evolves considerably on both short and long-term basis, with varying behaviors then seen across different sources of pollutants. The mechanically ventilated hospital and school buildings demonstrate the effectiveness of particulate filters, with very low internal concentrations of PM2.5. However, high ventilation rates, combined with the absence of any filtration of NO2, resulted in the hospital having the highest indoor concentrations of NO2 and the highest associated indoor-outdoor ratio. Morning and evening traffic related peaks in NO2 can be observed indoors, with their penetration dependent upon the delivered ventilation rates. This demonstrates the impact of adopting high ventilation rates during peak traffic, and the consequences of CO2 based demand-controlled ventilation systems in polluted urban areas without full filtration. The naturally ventilated office then demonstrates significant seasonal variations, with increased ventilation openings resulting in indoor NO2 concentrations in the summer exceeding those in the winter, despite significant reductions in ambient levels. Conversely, concentrations of indoor pollutants are seen to reduce with increasing ventilation rates, demonstrating the complex balance between the dilution of indoor pollutants and penetration of outdoor sources. Despite significant reductions from the winter to the summer (21.6–11.2 μg/m3), all formaldehyde measurements in the naturally ventilated office exceeded guideline values, indicating improved guidance and product labelling schemes may be required to achieve these guideline concentrations and reduce associated health risks.

ACS Style

Samuel Stamp; Esfand Burman; Clive Shrubsole; Lia Chatzidiakou; Dejan Mumovic; Mike Davies. Long-term, continuous air quality monitoring in a cross-sectional study of three UK non-domestic buildings. Building and Environment 2020, 180, 107071 .

AMA Style

Samuel Stamp, Esfand Burman, Clive Shrubsole, Lia Chatzidiakou, Dejan Mumovic, Mike Davies. Long-term, continuous air quality monitoring in a cross-sectional study of three UK non-domestic buildings. Building and Environment. 2020; 180 ():107071.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel Stamp; Esfand Burman; Clive Shrubsole; Lia Chatzidiakou; Dejan Mumovic; Mike Davies. 2020. "Long-term, continuous air quality monitoring in a cross-sectional study of three UK non-domestic buildings." Building and Environment 180, no. : 107071.

Research article
Published: 31 December 2019 in Building Services Engineering Research and Technology
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There is a policy-driven focus, at present, on improving the energy performance of buildings. However, energy-related issues alone do not capture the full impact of buildings on occupants and the wider environment. The performance of a building also includes occupant wellbeing and indoor environmental quality. Specifically, in schools, indoor environmental quality (thermal comfort, indoor air quality, lighting and acoustics) is an important aspect. Additionally, the issue of the ‘performance gap’, generally focused on energy, also affects indoor environmental quality parameters and needs to be addressed holistically. This paper reports on a holistic building performance evaluation covering aspects of energy, thermal comfort, indoor air quality, lighting and acoustics. It assesses the performance issues and inter-relationships between energy and indoor environmental quality in a recently built school campus in London. Based on the evidence collated from this case study and supplementary literature, the endemic issues and constraints within the construction industry are explored, such as inappropriate design calculations and resistance to new low-carbon technologies. Further, lessons for improved performance in the design, operation and maintenance of schools are highlighted such as factoring in the changing building use trends during design and the significance of optimal operations and maintenance of building systems for better energy and indoor environmental quality performance. This study shows that if the building design focus primarily remains on energy, unintended consequence of indoor environmental quality underperformance may occur where there are conflicts between energy and indoor environmental quality objectives. An integrated approach to building performance can help address this issue. Practical application: There are often conflicts between energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality (IEQ) objectives in building design and operation. Most building performance evaluations are primarily focused on one set of these performance criteria. This building performance evaluation was done with an integrated energy and IEQ perspective. The study identifies the causes of underperformance in energy and IEQ in a recently built school in London. Some of the findings from this study provide lessons that are relevant across the industry for the delivery of low-carbon and healthy buildings. These lessons include methods to further strengthen the policy frameworks and design protocols along with overall improvements in the processes followed during design, construction and operation of schools and other non-domestic buildings. The paper can also inform building designers, contractors and facility managers about the ways to reduce the performance gap and achieve energy targets without unintended consequences for indoor environment.

ACS Style

Nishesh Jain; Esfand Burman; Craig Robertson; Samuel Stamp; Clive Shrubsole; Francesco Aletta; Edward Barrett; Tin Oberman; Jian Kang; Peter Raynham; D Mumovic; Mike Davies. Building performance evaluation: Balancing energy and indoor environmental quality in a UK school building. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 2019, 41, 343 -360.

AMA Style

Nishesh Jain, Esfand Burman, Craig Robertson, Samuel Stamp, Clive Shrubsole, Francesco Aletta, Edward Barrett, Tin Oberman, Jian Kang, Peter Raynham, D Mumovic, Mike Davies. Building performance evaluation: Balancing energy and indoor environmental quality in a UK school building. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology. 2019; 41 (3):343-360.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nishesh Jain; Esfand Burman; Craig Robertson; Samuel Stamp; Clive Shrubsole; Francesco Aletta; Edward Barrett; Tin Oberman; Jian Kang; Peter Raynham; D Mumovic; Mike Davies. 2019. "Building performance evaluation: Balancing energy and indoor environmental quality in a UK school building." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 41, no. 3: 343-360.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2018 in Healthy, Intelligent and Resilient Buildings and Urban Environments
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ACS Style

Esfand Burman; Clive Shrubsole; Samuel Stamp; Dejan Mumovic; Michael Davies. Design and operational strategies for good Indoor Air Quality in low-energy dwellings: performance evaluation of two apartment blocks in East London, UK. Healthy, Intelligent and Resilient Buildings and Urban Environments 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Esfand Burman, Clive Shrubsole, Samuel Stamp, Dejan Mumovic, Michael Davies. Design and operational strategies for good Indoor Air Quality in low-energy dwellings: performance evaluation of two apartment blocks in East London, UK. Healthy, Intelligent and Resilient Buildings and Urban Environments. 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esfand Burman; Clive Shrubsole; Samuel Stamp; Dejan Mumovic; Michael Davies. 2018. "Design and operational strategies for good Indoor Air Quality in low-energy dwellings: performance evaluation of two apartment blocks in East London, UK." Healthy, Intelligent and Resilient Buildings and Urban Environments , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 23 October 2017 in Buildings
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Evidence of a fabric performance gap has underlined the need for measurements of in situ building performance. Steady state co-heating tests have been used since the 1980s to measure whole building heat transfer coefficients, but are often cited as impractical due to their 2–4 week test duration and limited testing season. Despite this, the required conditions for testing and test duration have never been fully assessed. Analysis of field tests show that in 12 of 16 cases, a heat loss estimate to within 10% of the result achieved across a full test period can be achieved within just 72 h. These results are supported by simulated tests upon a wider range of dwellings and across wider environmental conditions. However, systematic errors may still exist, even in cases of convergence and cases with significant uncertainties may never converge. Simulated examples of traditional dwellings and those built in line with current building regulation limits may be tested for more than half the year. However, even when simulated with reduced uncertainties, dwellings with low heat loss and high solar gains, such Passivhaus dwellings and apartments, could be successfully tested for just 22% and 12% of a year respectively, demonstrating the limitations of the co-heating method in assessing such dwellings.

ACS Style

Samuel Stamp; Hector Altamirano-Medina; Robert Lowe. Assessing the Relationship between Measurement Length and Accuracy within Steady State Co-Heating Tests. Buildings 2017, 7, 98 .

AMA Style

Samuel Stamp, Hector Altamirano-Medina, Robert Lowe. Assessing the Relationship between Measurement Length and Accuracy within Steady State Co-Heating Tests. Buildings. 2017; 7 (4):98.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel Stamp; Hector Altamirano-Medina; Robert Lowe. 2017. "Assessing the Relationship between Measurement Length and Accuracy within Steady State Co-Heating Tests." Buildings 7, no. 4: 98.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2017 in Energy and Buildings
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ACS Style

Samuel Stamp; H. Altamirano-Medina; R. Lowe. Measuring and accounting for solar gains in steady state whole building heat loss measurements. Energy and Buildings 2017, 153, 168 -178.

AMA Style

Samuel Stamp, H. Altamirano-Medina, R. Lowe. Measuring and accounting for solar gains in steady state whole building heat loss measurements. Energy and Buildings. 2017; 153 ():168-178.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samuel Stamp; H. Altamirano-Medina; R. Lowe. 2017. "Measuring and accounting for solar gains in steady state whole building heat loss measurements." Energy and Buildings 153, no. : 168-178.

Journal article
Published: 24 December 2016 in Energy and Buildings
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Reducing space heating energy demand supports the UK’s legislated carbon emission reduction targets and requires the effective characterisation of the UK’s existing housing stock to facilitate retrofitting decision-making. Approximately 6.6 million UK dwellings pre-date 1919 and are predominantly of suspended timber ground floor construction, the thermal performance of which has not been extensively investigated. This paper examines suspended timber ground floor heat-flow by presenting high resolution in-situ heat-flux measurements undertaken in a case study house at 15 point locations on the floor. The results highlight significant variability in observed heat-flow: point U-values range from 0.56 ± 0.05 to 1.18 ± 0.11 Wm−2 K−1. This highlights that observing only a few measurements is unlikely to be representative of the whole floor heat-flow and the extrapolation from such point values to whole floor U-value estimates could lead to its over- or under- estimation. Floor U-value models appear to underestimate the actual measured floor U-value in this case study. This paper highlights the care with which in-situ heat-flux measuring must be undertaken to enable comparison with models, literature and between studies and the findings support the unique, high-resolution in-situ monitoring methodology used in this study for further research in this area.

ACS Style

Sofie Pelsmakers; R. Fitton; P. Biddulph; William Swan; B. Croxford; S. Stamp; F.C.F. Calboli; David Shipworth; R. Lowe; C.A. Elwell. Heat-flow variability of suspended timber ground floors: Implications for in-situ heat-flux measuring. Energy and Buildings 2016, 138, 396 -405.

AMA Style

Sofie Pelsmakers, R. Fitton, P. Biddulph, William Swan, B. Croxford, S. Stamp, F.C.F. Calboli, David Shipworth, R. Lowe, C.A. Elwell. Heat-flow variability of suspended timber ground floors: Implications for in-situ heat-flux measuring. Energy and Buildings. 2016; 138 ():396-405.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sofie Pelsmakers; R. Fitton; P. Biddulph; William Swan; B. Croxford; S. Stamp; F.C.F. Calboli; David Shipworth; R. Lowe; C.A. Elwell. 2016. "Heat-flow variability of suspended timber ground floors: Implications for in-situ heat-flux measuring." Energy and Buildings 138, no. : 396-405.

Research
Published: 14 October 2014 in Building Research & Information
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The assumed U-values of solid walls represent a significant source of uncertainty when estimating the energy performance of dwellings. The typical U-value for UK solid walls used for stock-level energy demand estimates and energy certification is 2.1 Wm−2 K−1. A re-analysis (based on 40 brick solid walls and 18 stone walls) using a lumped thermal mass and inverse parameter estimation technique gives a mean value of 1.3 ± 0.4 Wm−2 K−1 for both solid wall types. Among the many implications for policy, this suggests that standard UK solid-wall U-values may be inappropriate for energy certification or for evaluating the investment economics of solid-wall insulation. For stock-level energy modelling, changing the assumed U-value for solid walls reduces the estimated mean annual space heating demand by 16%, and causes a proportion of the stock to change Energy Performance Certification (EPC) band. The analysis shows that the diversity of energy use in domestic buildings may be as much influenced by heterogeneity in the physical characteristics of individual building components as it is by variation in occupant behaviour. Policy assessment and guidance material needs to acknowledge and account for this variation in physical building characteristics through regular grounding in empirical field data.

ACS Style

Francis G. N. Li; A.Z.P. Smith; Phillip Biddulph; Ian G. Hamilton; Robert Lowe; Anna Mavrogianni; Eleni Oikonomou; Rokia Raslan; Samuel Stamp; Andrew Stone; A.J. Summerfield; David Veitch; Virginia Gori; Tadj Oreszczyn. Solid-wallU-values: heat flux measurements compared with standard assumptions. Building Research & Information 2014, 43, 238 -252.

AMA Style

Francis G. N. Li, A.Z.P. Smith, Phillip Biddulph, Ian G. Hamilton, Robert Lowe, Anna Mavrogianni, Eleni Oikonomou, Rokia Raslan, Samuel Stamp, Andrew Stone, A.J. Summerfield, David Veitch, Virginia Gori, Tadj Oreszczyn. Solid-wallU-values: heat flux measurements compared with standard assumptions. Building Research & Information. 2014; 43 (2):238-252.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francis G. N. Li; A.Z.P. Smith; Phillip Biddulph; Ian G. Hamilton; Robert Lowe; Anna Mavrogianni; Eleni Oikonomou; Rokia Raslan; Samuel Stamp; Andrew Stone; A.J. Summerfield; David Veitch; Virginia Gori; Tadj Oreszczyn. 2014. "Solid-wallU-values: heat flux measurements compared with standard assumptions." Building Research & Information 43, no. 2: 238-252.