The peculiarity of additive manufacturing is that steps are formed on the product surface resulting from the layered building. The steps’ dimensions are determined by the deviations of the real surface from its correct shape specified by 3D model of the product. The orientation of the 3D model of the product in the workspace of the additive machine and the building step are the main factors determining the sizes of the steps. The article presents the results of a statistical analysis of deviations from the correct shape of the product surface obtained by additive manufacturing and based on a 3D model. Industrial products with varying surface complexity were selected as test 3D models. These 3D models were studied in a variety of orientation options in the workspace of the additive machine. Slicing 3D models were used to form a set of layers according to strategies, with a constant and variable step. The obtained results of the statistical analysis allow scientifically substantiated assessment of the efficiency of the joint solution of optimization tasks to determine the slicing parameters and rational orientation of the product in the workspace of an additive machine, depending on its complexity.

Symmetry plays a key role in the study of stress and strain analysis of spherical tanks, as described in detail in the main text. The inherent geometric symmetry of a spherical tank–being uniform in all directions from its center–allows for significant simplification of finite element models. This radial symmetry means that the stress and strain fields under uniform internal pressure are also symmetrical, reducing the computational domain to a small, representative portion of the tank rather than the entire structure. By using these symmetry principles, the study not only ensures the accuracy of its predictions but also achieves a high degree of computational efficiency, making complex engineering problems easier and more accessible. The application of symmetry, therefore, is not just a theoretical concept but a practical tool that underlies the methodology and success of this analysis. This study investigates the mechanical behavior of a spherical tank subjected to internal fluid pressure, utilizing the finite element method (FEM) as a primary analytical tool. Spherical tanks are widely used for the storage of various fluids, including liquefied natural gas (LNG), compressed gases, and water. Their design is critical to ensure structural integrity and safety. This research aims to provide a comprehensive stress and strain analysis of a typical spherical tank, focusing on the hoop and meridian stresses, and their distribution across the tank’s geometry. A 3D finite element model of a spherical tank will be developed using commercial FEA software. The model will incorporate realistic material properties (e.g., steel alloy) and boundary conditions that simulate the support structure and internal fluid pressure. The analysis will consider both linear elastic and potentially non-linear material responses to explore the tank’s behavior under various operational and overpressure scenarios. The primary objectives of this study are as follows: (1) determine the maximum principal stresses and strains within the tank wall, (2) analyze the stress concentration at critical points, such as support connections and nozzle penetrations, and (3) validate the FEM results against classical analytical solutions for thin-walled spherical pressure vessels. The findings will provide valuable insights into the structural performance of these tanks, highlighting potential areas of concern and offering a robust numerical approach for design optimization and safety assessment. This research demonstrates the power and utility of FEM in engineering design, offering a more detailed and accurate analysis than traditional analytical methods.

Information technology (IT) can be defined as the study, design, and development of computer information systems. It is the science of the future, including software information systems, network management, databases, and communications systems design. These include networks, database management systems, information security, and software engineering. It should be noted that the goals achieved by IT in our lives are numerous, and these technologies enable us to accomplish tasks with ease and convenience. IT is responsible for all of these tasks, so the need to protect this private data through data and information security must be taken into account. The primary objective of this study is to define information security as the true means of ensuring the confidentiality of important information by ensuring its protection from theft and hacking, and preventing unauthorized access to it by individuals using modern technologies, including data encryption algorithms. This study also aims to examine the process of electronic authentication and information security in managing a private company, as well as to identify how to apply these concepts and use advanced technologies to achieve security and privacy for the data and information we use in all areas of our daily lives.

Spherical tanks represent key infrastructure in the petrochemical industry, playing a vital role in the safe and efficient storage of a wide range of products. These products can range from highly volatile hydrocarbons such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) to various other chemicals essential for industrial processes. The very geometry of a sphere offers inherent advantages for such applications. Its uniform curvature allows for even distribution of internal pressure across the entire surface, making it an inherently strong and stable shape for containing pressurized fluids. This optimal stress distribution leads to the need for a thinner shell compared to other tank geometries for the same volume and pressure, potentially leading to material savings. Loads can arise from the internal pressure of the stored liquid, external factors such as wind and seismic activity, thermal gradients, and even localized loads at support points or connections. However, despite these advantages, spherical tanks are still susceptible to various external and internal loads that can cause stress and deformation.