(1) Background: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare but aggressive tumor arising from the pleural surface. For relapsed MPM, there is no accepted standard of- are for subsequent treatment. Thus, we aimed to compare the efficacy of chemotherapy, targeting drugs, and immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) as subsequent therapy for relapsed MPM. (2) Methods: The study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). We searched several acknowledged databases. Primary outcomes were defined as overall median progressive survival (mPFS) and median overall survival (mOS) in different treatment groups. Secondary outcomes were defined as objective response rate (ORR), the proportion of stable disease (SD), and progressive disease (PD). (3) Results: Ultimately, 43 articles were selected for the meta-analysis. According to the results of a pooled analysis of single-arm studies, ICIs showed a slight advantage in mOS, while chemotherapy showed a slight advantage in mPFS (mOS: 11.2 m vs. 10.39 m and mPFS: 4.42 m vs. 5.08 m for ICIs group and chemotherapy group, respectively). We identified only a few studies that directly compared the efficacy of ICIs with that of chemotherapy, and ICIs did not show significant benefits over chemotherapy based on mOS. (4) Conclusions: Based on current evidence, we considered that immunotherapy might not be superior to chemotherapy as a subsequent therapy for relapsed MPM. Although several studies investigated the efficacy of ICIs, targeting drugs, and chemotherapy in relapsed MPM, there was still no standard of care. Further randomized control trials with consistent criteria and outcomes are recommended to guide subsequent therapy in relapsed MPM and identify patients with certain characteristics that might benefit from such subsequent therapy.

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a long-lasting and incapacitating disease, and the exact factors that affect its onset and advancement are still uncertain. Thus, the main aim was to explore new biomarkers and possible therapeutic targets for IC/BPS. Next-generation high-throughput sequencing experiments were performed on bladder tissues. Based on the interactions between circRNA and miRNA, as well as miRNA and mRNA, candidates were selected to build a network of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA. The STRING database and Cytoscape software were utilized to build a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to pinpoint the hub genes associated with IC/BPS. The expression levels of circRNA and miRNA in the network were confirmed through quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Western blot was applied to confirm the stability of the lipopolysaccharide-induced IC/BPS model, and the effect of overexpression of circ.5863 by lentivirus on inflammation. Ten circRNA-miRNA interactions involving three circRNAs and six miRNAs were identified, and IFIT3 and RSAD2 were identified as hub genes in the resulting PPI network with 19 nodes. Circ.5863 showed a statistically significant decrease in the constructed model, which is consistent with the sequencing results, and overexpression via lentiviral transfection of circ.5863 was found to alleviate inflammation damage. In this study, a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network was successfully constructed, and IFIT3 and RSAD2 were identified as hub genes. Our findings suggest that circ.5863 can mitigate inflammation damage in IC/BPS. The identified marker genes may serve as valuable targets for future research aimed at developing diagnostic tools and more effective therapies for IC/BPS.

Hunner-type interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (HIC) is a debilitating condition defined by bladder pain and urinary urgency, yet its upstream drivers remain poorly understood. To identify upstream mechanisms that exacerbate urothelial injury, here we apply an integrative multi-omics framework combining metagenomic sequencing, targeted metabolomics of urine and serum, and single-cell RNA sequencing. This approach reveals a microbial signature enriched in Enterococcus avium and a marked alteration in bile acid metabolism, including increased taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA). Single-cell analysis indicates that these changes converge on Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) activation in urothelial cells. Further validations show that a microbiota–bile acid–TLR3 axis disrupts epithelial barrier integrity and triggers inflammatory responses in experimental models. Transplantation and metabolite administration confirm the causal role of E. avium and TCDCA, while TLR3 inhibition ameliorates injury. These findings uncover an upstream pathway linking gut-derived metabolites to bladder pathology and suggest opportunities for biomarker development and targeted therapies for HIC.

Background: Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is one of the most common causes of hydronephrosis in children. Over the last several years, treatment methods have evolved toward less invasive procedures. However, bibliometric analysis of UPJO treatment remains limited. We applied a multi-database bibliometric approach to describe the current status and recent and emerging research trends in UPJO management. Methods: We retrieved studies on the treatment of UPJO from PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, spanning from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2025; all five databases were searched on 20 January 2026. Records were merged in EndNote X9 (Clarivate Analytics, Philadelphia, PA, USA), deduplicated using Author, Year, and Title, and manually verified using DOI and minor title/author variants. Web of Science was used as the single source for citation counts and cited-reference data in citation-based analyses. Of the 849 included publications, 736 were matched to Web of Science, and 728 of these contributed cited-reference data to the co-citation analysis. We analyzed data using CiteSpace (v6.2.R.3; one-year slices; g-index k = 25) together with the bibliometrix R package (v4.6). Results: A total of 849 publications, including 761 original articles and 88 reviews, from 55 countries were included in the analysis, with the United States and China leading in publication volume. Annual citation activity generally increased with year-to-year variation. A total of 3545 authors participated in these publications, among whom Lorenzo AJ, Noh PH, and Peters CA had the highest total citation counts. Wroclaw Medical University, Peking University and University of Toronto had the highest publication counts among institutions. The funding analysis indicated that the National Natural Science Foundation of China, United States Department of Health and Human Services, and National Institutes of Health were the top three funding bodies by publication count. Conclusions: Management-related research on UPJO is active, with current emphasis on technological innovation, full-cycle management, and complex case management. Robot-assisted pyeloplasty remains a prominent bibliometric theme in the recent literature.