Artemisia absinthium (A. absinthium) leaf extract was successfully used to create zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), and their properties were investigated via several techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis spectroscopy). SEM analysis confirmed the spherical and elliptical shapes of the particles. Three different zinc peaks were observed via EDX at the energies of 1, 8.7, and 9.8 keV, together with a single oxygen peak at 0.5 keV. The XRD analysis identified ZnO NPs as having a hexagonal wurtzite structure, with a particle size that decreased from 24.39 to 18.77 nm, and with an increasing surface area (BET) from 4.003 to 6.032 m²/g for the ZnO (without extract) and green ZnO NPs, respectively. The FTIR analysis confirmed the groups of molecules that were accountable for the stabilization and minimization of the ZnO NPs, which were apparent at 3400 cm. Using UV–Vis spectroscopy, the band-gap energies (Egs) for the green ZnO and ZnO (without extract) NPs were estimated, and the values were 2.65 and 2.79 eV, respectively.

Lightweight, efficient, and reversible hydrogen storage materials are critical for the advancement of hydrogen-based energy technologies. In this work, we present a comprehensive density functional theory (DFT) investigation of hydrogen storage in pristine and metal-decorated C₈ carbon quantum dots (CQDs), representing ultrasmall, highly curved nanomaterials at the molecular–nanoscale interface. Lithium, magnesium, and titanium were investigated as representative decorating metals to tailor hydrogen adsorption strength and reversibility. The pristine C₈ quantum dot is structurally stable but exhibits negligible hydrogen affinity (−0.062 eV per H₂), rendering it unsuitable for practical storage applications. In contrast, metal decoration significantly enhances hydrogen adsorption while preserving molecular H₂ physisorption, yielding optimal single-molecule adsorption energies of −0.172, −0.304, and −0.451 eV for Li-, Mg-, and Ti-CQDs, respectively. Sequential adsorption analysis indicates exceptionally high hydrogen uptakes of up to 18 H₂ molecules for Li-CQD and 20 H₂ molecules for both Mg- and Ti-CQDs, corresponding to very high theoretical gravimetric capacities. Energy decomposition and interaction region analyses demonstrate that hydrogen uptake proceeds via a cooperative physisorption mechanism driven by dispersion, electrostatic, and polarization interactions, strongly enhanced by quantum confinement and extreme curvature effects inherent to the CQD. Grand canonical thermodynamic modeling confirms fully reversible hydrogen storage under practical temperature and pressure conditions. Among the systems studied, Mg-CQD exhibits the most favorable balance between adsorption strength and desorption accessibility, delivering a remarkable reversible gravimetric hydrogen storage capacity of 21.7 wt%, significantly surpassing most metal-decorated graphene-, fullerene-, and carbon nanotube-based materials reported to date. These results establish metal-decorated C₈ quantum dots as a new class of high-performance nanomaterials for reversible hydrogen storage and demonstrate the potential of ultrasmall carbon quantum dots to overcome the long-standing trade-off between hydrogen uptake and reversibility in nanostructured storage media.

Artemisia absinthium (A. absinthium) leaf extract was successfully used to create zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), and their properties were investigated via several techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and UV–Vis spectroscopy. SEM analysis confirmed the spherical and elliptical shapes of the particles. Three different zinc peaks were observed via EDX at energies of 1, 8.7, and 9.8 keV, together with a single oxygen peak at 0.5 keV. XRD analysis identified ZnO NPs as having a hexagonal wurtzite structure with a particle size that decreased from 24.39 to 18.77 nm, and with an increasing surface area (BET) from 4.003 to 6.032 m2/g for the ZnO (without extract) and green ZnO NPs, respectively. FTIR analysis confirmed the groups of molecules that were accountable for stabilizing and minimizing the ZnO NPs, which was apparent at 3400 cm. Using UV–Vis spectroscopy, the band gap energies (Egs) for the green ZnO and ZnO (without extract) NPs were estimated, and the values were 2.65 and 2.79 eV, respectively.

Noble metal-catalyzed C–H activation has transformed synthetic methodology by enabling direct modification of inert C–H bonds with high levels of efficiency, selectivity, and functional group tolerance. This mini-review provides a focused overview of the mechanistic foundations and emerging advances in C–H functionalization mediated by ruthenium, iridium, rhodium and palladium catalysts. Key activation modes including oxidative addition, concerted metalation deprotonation (CMD), and electrophilic pathways are discussed alongside the roles of high-valent intermediates and ligand control in determining reactivity and regioselectivity. Special emphasis is placed on recent electrochemical strategies, where anodic oxidation replaces traditional chemical oxidants, granting access to unique redox manifolds and expanding the scope of C–C, C–N, C–O, and C–X bond-forming reactions. Representative transformations highlight the versatility of noble metals in constructing heterocycles, enabling enantioselective processes, and facilitating late-stage functionalization of complex molecules. Current challenges and future perspectives are outlined, including the need for improved nondirected activation, deeper mechanistic insight, and enhanced scalability. Collectively, this review underscores the central role of noble metals in advancing sustainable and innovative C–H functionalization chemistry.

In this study, the phenolic content and biological activity of Salvia officinalis and Moringa oleifera leaves, were compared. Spectrophotometric methods are used to determine total phenolic content, total flavonoids, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The methanolic extracts' antibacterial activity against three bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella enterica) and Candida albicans as yeast was tested using the agar-well diffusion method. High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) was performed to determine the specific phenolic compounds by comparing the retention times of phenolic compounds in samples to 19 standard compounds. Salvia officinalis and Moringa oleifera had total phenolic contents of 166.574 and 96.066 mg GAE/g, total flavonoids of 127.573 and 139.591 mg GAE/g, and DPPH radical scavenging activity of 70.445 and 61.392, respectively. Salvia officinalis exhibited the highest antimicrobial action against Candida albicans, while antibacterial activity was equal in the two samples. The HPLC results revealed variances in phenolic content. Salvia officinalis exhibited high composition levels. The main compounds discovered in the Salvia officinalis and Moringa oleifera samples were rosmarinic acid and gallic acid, respectively. All results are compared to previous studies.

This study provides a comprehensive phytochemical and biological evaluation of Acacia nilotica and Acacia seyal samples collected from Khartoum State, Sudan. Methanolic extracts of A. nilotica leaves (SN), A. seyal leaves (TL), and A. nilotica seeds (S) were evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power), and antimicrobial activity against selected pathogenic microorganisms. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was used to identify and quantify individual phenolic compounds. The SN sample exhibited the highest TPC (287.527 mg GAE/g), DPPH scavenging activity (96.815%), and reducing power (2.356), whereas TL showed the highest flavonoid content (155.296 mg QE/g). All samples demonstrated considerable antifungal activity against Candida albicans, while antibacterial activity varied according to species and extract type. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed the presence of major phenolic compounds, including naringenin, gallic acid, catechin, and methyl gallate, with notable variations among the investigated samples. In addition, several unidentified peaks were observed in the chromatographic profiles, suggesting the presence of additional phytochemical constituents under the applied analytical conditions. A strong positive correlation was observed between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (R² > 0.97), indicating the possible contribution of phenolic compounds to the observed bioactivity. Overall, this study provides further insight into the relationship between phenolic composition and biological activity in Acacia species and highlights their potential as natural sources of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical and food applications.