Post-fermented tea (PFT) is one of the most commonly consumed beverages worldwide. Rapid microbial growth and significant changes in the microbial composition of PFT during processing and storage pose a potential risk of contamination with mycotoxins such as zearalenone (ZEN). Screening for ZEN contamination in a simple, rapid, and inexpensive manner is required to ensure that PFT is safe for consumption. To monitor ZEN in PFT, ZEN was conjugated with bovine serum albumin to prepare egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgY). A specific indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) based on IgY was developed and validated. ZEN was extracted with acetonitrile and water (50:50, v/v) containing 5% acetic acid and purified using a mixture of primary and secondary amines and graphitized carbon black to remove matrix interference from the PFT samples. Under optimal conditions, the linear range of this assay was 13.8−508.9 ng mL⁻¹, the limit of detection was 9.3 ng mL⁻¹, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration was 83.8 ng mL⁻¹. Cross-reactivity was negligible, and the assay was specific for ZEN-related molecules. The recovery rate of ZEN in the control blanks of PFT samples spiked with a defined concentration of ZEN of 89.5% to 98.0%. The recovery and accuracy of the method were qualified for PFT matrices. No significant differences were evident between the results of the actual PFT samples analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and ic-ELISA. The collective data indicate that the developed ic-ELISA can be used for the rapid and simple detection of ZEN in PFT products.

Post-fermented tea (PFT), a commonly consumed beverage worldwide, is characterized by the rapid growth of its microbial groups and the substantial changes they undergo. Consequently, PFT may contain mycotoxins such as B-type fumonisins (FBs). This study aimed to assess the intake of FBs through the consumption of PFT among consumers in Guangxi, China. A novel quantitative method using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the FB concentration in PFT products. Additionally, a PFT consumption survey was conducted using a face-to-face questionnaire, recording their body weight and PFT consumption patterns based on a three-day dietary recall method. Finally, hazard index was calculated to estimate the health risk of FBs from the consumption of PFT products in Guangxi. The results revealed that the occurrence of FBs in PFT was 20% (24/120), with a concentration ranging from 2.14 to 18.28 μg/kg. The results of the survey showed that the average daily consumption of PFT by consumers was 9.19 ± 11.14 g. The deterministic risk assessment revealed that only 0.026% of the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of FBs was consumed through PFT, indicating that FB contamination in PFT is not a public health risk.

Exercise‐induced fatigue (EIF) is closely associated with impaired glycometabolism in skeletal muscle. This study investigated the protective effects of Ganoderic acid A (GAA) on glycometabolism in EIF mice and explored its underlying mechanisms. 60 KM mice were divided into five groups: a blank control (BC), a model control (MC), and three GAA‐treated groups (20, 40, and 60 mg/kg/d). After a 7‐week intervention, exhaustive treadmill tests and biochemical analyses were conducted to assess fatigue resistance, metabolic parameters, and molecular pathways. GAA administration significantly prolonged the exhaustive running time ( p < 0.01), reduced serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and lactate (LD) ( p < 0.05), and increased glycogen content in the liver and gastrocnemius muscle. Mechanistically, GAA increased AMPK phosphorylation, suggesting activation of the AMPK pathway, upregulated PGC‐1 α and GLUT4 expression, and enhanced succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and Ca ²⁺ ‐Mg ²⁺ ‐ATPase activities. The results demonstrate that GAA alleviates EIF by enhancing energy metabolism through the AMPK/PGC‐1 α /GLUT4 pathway. These findings highlight GAA as a promising natural supplement for combating exercise‐induced fatigue by improving glycometabolism.

Exhaustive physical exercise, while promoting cardiovascular fitness, can paradoxically lead to excessive oxidative stress, systemic fatigue, and myocardial injury. Despite increasing awareness of exhaustion exercise myocardial damage, effective preventive strategies remain limited. Natural bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties have gained attention as potential interventions. Among them, triterpenoids derived from Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids (GLTs) are notable for their potent free radical scavenging and cytoprotective effects. However, their cardioprotective potential under conditions of exhaustion exercise oxidative stress has not been fully elucidated. This study explores the antifatigue potential of GLTs and elucidates their underlying mechanisms through the establishment of a mouse model of exhaustion exercise via exhaustive treadmill running. This study showed that GLTs significantly alleviated exhaustion exercise by reducing serum fatigue biomarkers (CK, BUN, and LDH) and improving myocardial histopathological conditions. GLTs enhanced antioxidant capacity by decreasing MDA levels, increasing SOD and CAT activities, and elevating GSH content, thereby mitigating oxidative stress. Additionally, GLTs regulated apoptosis by downregulating Bax and Caspase‐3 expression, upregulating Bcl‐2 levels, and reducing the Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio. Mechanistically, these effects were associated with activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling pathway. Collectively, this study provides new insights into the context‐specific role of GLTs in protecting against exhaustion exercise myocardial injury. Our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of GLTs as a natural antioxidant strategy for mitigating oxidative stress, delaying fatigue, and preserving cardiac function under conditions of intensive physical exertion.