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The response of the phenological events of individual species to climate change is not isolated, but is connected through interaction with other species at the same or adjacent trophic level. Using long-term phenological data observed since 1976 in Korea, whose temperature has risen more steeply than the average global temperature, this study conducted phenological analysis (differences in the phenology of groups, differences in phenological shifts due to climate change, differences in phenological sensitivity to climate by groups, and the change of phenological day differences among interacting groups). The phenological shift of the producer group (plants) was found to be negative in all researched species, which means that it blooms quickly over the years. The regression slope of consumers (primary consumers and secondary consumers) was generally positive which means that the phenological events of these species tended to be later during the study period. The inter-regional deviation of phenological events was not large for any plant except for plum tree and Black locust. In addition, regional variations in high trophic levels of secondary consumers tended to be greater than that of producers and primary consumers. Among the studied species, plum was the most sensitive to temperature, and when the temperature rose by 1 °C, the flowering time of plum decreased by 7.20 days. As a result of checking the day differences in the phenological events of the interacting species, the phenological events of species were reversed, and butterflies have appeared earlier than plum, Korean forsythia, and Korean rosebay since 1990. Using long-term data from Korea, this study investigated differences in phenological reactions among trophic groups. There is a possibility of a phenological mismatch between trophic groups in the future if global warming continues due to differences in sensitivity to climate and phenological shifts between trophic levels.
MinKyung Kim; Sojeong Lee; Hakyung Lee; Sangdon Lee. Phenological Response in the Trophic Levels to Climate Change in Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 1086 .
AMA StyleMinKyung Kim, Sojeong Lee, Hakyung Lee, Sangdon Lee. Phenological Response in the Trophic Levels to Climate Change in Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (3):1086.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMinKyung Kim; Sojeong Lee; Hakyung Lee; Sangdon Lee. 2021. "Phenological Response in the Trophic Levels to Climate Change in Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3: 1086.
Information on the phenological shift of plants can be used to detect climate change and predict changes in the ecosystem. In this study, the changes in first flowering dates (FFDs) of the plum tree (Prunus mume), Korean forsythia (Forsythia koreana), Korean rosebay (Rhododendron mucronulatum), cherry tree (Prunus yedoensis), and peach tree (Prunus persica) in Korea during 1920–2019 were investigated. In addition, the changes in the climatic factors (temperature and precipitation) and their relationship with the FFDs were analyzed. The changes in the temperature and precipitation during the January–February–March period and the phenological shifts of all research species during 1920–2019 indicate that warm and dry spring weather advances the FFDs. Moreover, the temperature has a greater impact on this phenological shift than precipitation. Earlier flowering species are more likely to advance their FFDs than later flowering species. Hence, the temporal asynchrony among plant species will become worse with climate change. In addition, the FFDs in 2100 were predicted based on representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios. The difference between the predicted FFDs of the RCP 4.5 and RCP 6.0 for 2100 was significant; the effectiveness of greenhouse gas policies will presumably determine the degree of the plant phenological shift in the future. Furthermore, we presented the predicted FFDs for 2100.
Ha Lee; So Lee; Min Kim; Sang Lee. Prediction of Plant Phenological Shift under Climate Change in South Korea. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9276 .
AMA StyleHa Lee, So Lee, Min Kim, Sang Lee. Prediction of Plant Phenological Shift under Climate Change in South Korea. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):9276.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHa Lee; So Lee; Min Kim; Sang Lee. 2020. "Prediction of Plant Phenological Shift under Climate Change in South Korea." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 9276.
The effects of climate change are becoming apparent in the biosphere. In the 20th century, South Korea experienced a 1.5 °C temperature increase due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. If the changes continue, it is predicted that approximately 15–37% of animal and plant species will be endangered after 2050. Because butterflies act as a good indicator for changes in the temperature, the distribution of butterflies can be used to determine their adaptability to climate patterns. Local meteorological data for the period 1938–2011 were used from the National Forest Research Institute of Korea. Local temperature data were additionally considered among the basic information, and the distribution patterns of butterflies were analyzed for both the southern and northern regions. Southern butterflies (with northern limit) tend to increase in number with significant correlation between the temperature and number of habitats (p < 0.000), while northern butterflies (with southern limit) show no statistical significance between the temperature and number of habitats, indicating their sensitivity to temperature change. This finding is in accordance with the conclusion that southern butterflies are more susceptible to climate change when adapting to local environments and expanding their original temperature range for survival, which leads to an increase in the numbers of their habitats.
Sangdon Lee; Hyeyoung Jeon; MinKyung Kim. Spatial Distribution of Butterflies in Accordance with Climate Change in the Korean Peninsula. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1995 .
AMA StyleSangdon Lee, Hyeyoung Jeon, MinKyung Kim. Spatial Distribution of Butterflies in Accordance with Climate Change in the Korean Peninsula. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (5):1995.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSangdon Lee; Hyeyoung Jeon; MinKyung Kim. 2020. "Spatial Distribution of Butterflies in Accordance with Climate Change in the Korean Peninsula." Sustainability 12, no. 5: 1995.
In contrast to other fields, environmental protection (e.g., habitat protection) often fails to include quantitative evaluation as part of the existing environmental impact assessment (EIA) process, and therefore the EIA is often a poor forecasting tool, which makes selecting a reasonable plan of action difficult. In this study, we used the Habitat Evaluation Procedure (HEP) to quantify the long-term effects of a road construction project on an ecosystem. The water deer (Hydropotes inermis) was selected as the species of study since it uses an optimum habitat; water deer habitat data were collected on vegetation cover, stream water density, geographic contour, land use class, and road networks. The Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) and Cumulative Habitat Unit (CHU) values for the water deer were estimated to investigate the major land cover classes, the national river systems, and vegetation cover. Results showed that the environmental impact in the road construction project area would result in a net ecological loss value of 1211 without installation of an eco-corridor, which reduced to 662 with an eco-corridor, providing a 55% increase in the net value after 50 years of the mitigation plan. Comparing the 13 proposed ecological mitigation corridors, the corridor that would result in the highest net increase (with an increase of 69.5), was corridor #4, which was regarded as the most appropriate corridor to properly connect water deer habitat. In sum, the study derived the net increase in quantitative values corresponding with different mitigation methods over time for a road construction project; this procedure can be effectively utilized in the future to select the location of ecological corridors while considering the costs of constructing them.
Jiyoung Choi; Sangdon Lee. Application of Habitat Evaluation Procedure with Quantifying the Eco-Corridor in the Process of Environmental Impact Assessment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 1437 .
AMA StyleJiyoung Choi, Sangdon Lee. Application of Habitat Evaluation Procedure with Quantifying the Eco-Corridor in the Process of Environmental Impact Assessment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (8):1437.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiyoung Choi; Sangdon Lee. 2019. "Application of Habitat Evaluation Procedure with Quantifying the Eco-Corridor in the Process of Environmental Impact Assessment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8: 1437.
The impact of climate change on animals has been globally documented. Especially, migration of birds has been extensively monitored as migratory birds are susceptible to any changes occurring both on breeding grounds and on wintering grounds. However, in contrast to spring migration, the patterns and the factors for autumn migration have not been well documented. In this study, we investigated the relationship with climate condition and the first arrival dates (FADs) of bean geese (Anser fabalis) and white-fronted geese (A. albifrons), the representative group of wintering birds in South Korea, using the data collected by Korean Meteorological Association during 1995–2016. Average temperature of September in wintering grounds has increased, and the FADs of the geese have advanced over the 22 years. Even when the influence of autumn temperature was statistically controlled for, the FADs of the geese have significantly advanced. This suggests that warming has hastened the completion of breeding, which speeded up the arrival of the geese at the wintering grounds. In order to assess the effect of climate condition on the arrival of the wintering migratory birds such as the geese in more detail, extensive data collection over many sampling sites and with long-term monitoring is needed.
Min-Kyung Kim; Sang-Im Lee; Piotr G. Jablonski; Sang-Don Lee. Correlation between temperature and the timing of arrival of geese in South Korea. Journal of Ecology and Environment 2018, 42, 34 .
AMA StyleMin-Kyung Kim, Sang-Im Lee, Piotr G. Jablonski, Sang-Don Lee. Correlation between temperature and the timing of arrival of geese in South Korea. Journal of Ecology and Environment. 2018; 42 (1):34.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin-Kyung Kim; Sang-Im Lee; Piotr G. Jablonski; Sang-Don Lee. 2018. "Correlation between temperature and the timing of arrival of geese in South Korea." Journal of Ecology and Environment 42, no. 1: 34.
The study was the first attempt to identify the habitat use pattern of red-crowned cranes (Grus japonensis) around the demilitarized zone (DMZ) by overlapping coordinates with the land cover classification (LCC). Daily habitat use pattern was highly different (P = 0.000) between daytime (06:00–18:00) and nighttime (18:00–06:00). Cranes in Cheolwon used agricultural paddies more frequently in the daytime (P = 0.002), and forest areas at night and this indicated that cranes presumably use rice paddies for feeding and forests for resting, respectively. Cranes night time in Paju used wetlands more often than random expectation based on the available wetland surface area (P = 0.017). This indicated a different habitat use pattern between coastal (Paju) and inland (Cheolwon) areas. Securing agricultural paddies is important for providing crucial areas for feeding, and forests should be important for rest during the night time in Cheolwon, which support crane populations during their wintering migration in Korea.
Sang-Don Lee. Wintering Habitat Use Pattern of Red-Crowned Cranes in the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 2018, 4, 58 .
AMA StyleSang-Don Lee. Wintering Habitat Use Pattern of Red-Crowned Cranes in the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity. 2018; 4 (4):58.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSang-Don Lee. 2018. "Wintering Habitat Use Pattern of Red-Crowned Cranes in the Korean Demilitarized Zone." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 4, no. 4: 58.
This study estimates the impact of potential climate change, and human interference (anthropogenic deforestation), on temperate forest carbon pool change in the capital area of South Korea, using a dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM). Additionally, the characteristics of forest carbon pool change were simulated based on a biogeochemical module. The change of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is deeply related to the change of the forest carbon pool, which is estimated with the measures of Net Primary Productivity (NPP), and Soil Carbon Storage (SCS). NPP and SCS were estimated at 2.02–7.43 tC ha−1 year−1 and 34.55–84.81 tC ha−1, respectively, during the period 1971–2000. SCS showed a significant decreasing tendency under the conditions of increasing air temperature, and precipitation, in the near future (2021–2050), and far future (2071–2100), which were simulated with future-climate scenario data without any human interference. Besides, it is estimated that the temporal change in NPP indicates only a small decrease, which is little influenced by potential climate change. In the case of potential climate change plus human interference, the decrease rate of NPP and SCS were simulated at 17–33% and 21–46%, respectively, during 2000–2100. Furthermore, the effect of potential human interference contributes to 83–93% and 61–54% of the decrease rate of NPP and SCS, respectively. The decline in the forest carbon pool simulated in this study can play a positive role in increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Consequently, the effect of potential human interference can further accelerate the decline of the temperate forest carbon pool. For the effective reduction of carbon dioxide emissions in urbanizing areas, it would be more effective to control human interference. Consequently, this study suggests that a rate of reforestation corresponding to the deforestation rate should be at least maintained, with long term monitoring and modeling-related studies, against climate change problems.
Sang-Don Lee; Sun-Soon Kwon. Carbon Sequestration in the Urban Areas of Seoul with Climate Change: Implication for Open Innovation in Environmental Industry. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 2018, 4, 48 .
AMA StyleSang-Don Lee, Sun-Soon Kwon. Carbon Sequestration in the Urban Areas of Seoul with Climate Change: Implication for Open Innovation in Environmental Industry. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity. 2018; 4 (4):48.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSang-Don Lee; Sun-Soon Kwon. 2018. "Carbon Sequestration in the Urban Areas of Seoul with Climate Change: Implication for Open Innovation in Environmental Industry." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 4, no. 4: 48.
Current studies are either region-limited, sole-species, or have short researching periods; so, studies about various species are necessary throughout South Korea. In this study, trends of changes in the budding and flowering dates of spring plants by climate factors served to explore the process of urbanization. Four common species, such as Forsythia koreana (forsythia), Rhododendron mucronulatum (azalea), Prunus yedoensis (Yoshino cherry) and Prunus mume (Japanese apricot), are examined during the period from 1973 to 2008 due to the limitation of recent datasets. Budding of forsythia, azalea, Yoshino cherry and the flowering of Japanese apricot are defined as Type I (inland, of reverse letter ‘L’) and flowering of forsythia, azalea and Yoshino cherry were grouped as Type II (inland and south coastline). Prunus mume budding was different from others, so it was defined as Type III (subtropical climate). The inland phonological response is relatively cold and dry and areas are affected by the Siberian high atmospheric pressure. On the other hand, the south and east coastlines are humid and warm areas even in the winter season due to the southeastern wind. There were advancements for 3.1 days of forsythia, 5.5 days of azalea, 6.5 days of Yoshino cherry and 18.6 days of Japanese apricot during the research period. The greatest changes occurred with respect to the minimum temperature in January and the maximum temperature in February, while the precipitation change was not significant. However, in Type II, the precipitation significantly impacted plant flowering events. Precipitation was the lowest in early spring in South Korea and especially the flowering of plants was impacted by the small amount of precipitation in this region. Additionally, if precipitation after budding was over 1 mm for forsythia and azalea, 2 mm for Yoshino cherry and 7 mm for apricot, flowering occurred in over 80% of the region. South Korea is characterized as having a small amount of land and a high population density in cities. As such, it encounters strong influences due to global warming, as well as urbanization. Seven metropolitan cities and Suwon have populations over 1 million and showed more remarkable phenological events and changes of climate factors than the other regions. Especially in the case of shrubs, the phenological events were delayed in urban areas during this research. In conclusion, climate change, as well as urbanization, serve as strong factors leading to phonological and regional events in the ecosystem.
Sang-Don Lee. Global Warming Leading to Phenological Responses in the Process of Urbanization, South Korea. Sustainability 2017, 9, 2203 .
AMA StyleSang-Don Lee. Global Warming Leading to Phenological Responses in the Process of Urbanization, South Korea. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (12):2203.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSang-Don Lee. 2017. "Global Warming Leading to Phenological Responses in the Process of Urbanization, South Korea." Sustainability 9, no. 12: 2203.
The Korean peninsula is geographically important for the migration of geese. Several thousand geese visit South Korea every winter, but currently it is unclear which habitats are preferred by the geese. Understanding patterns of habitat usage is important for establishing conservation strategies, as some habitats may be disappearing more rapidly than others making it critical to know whether or not a disappearing habitat is crucial to certain birds. In this study, we investigated the habitat use of the wintering populations of Bean Goose Anser fabalis and Greater White-fronted Goose A. albifrons. We found that the wintering populations of these two geese species in South Korea have stabilized after sudden increases during the mid and late 2000s. Both species formed larger wintering populations at coastal lakes, on reclaimed lands, and at estuaries than on freshwater habitats, which may be related to the availability and/or diversity of food items. Considering that environmental changes resulting from development and climate change are reducing the inshore areas and estuaries, the role of artificial wetlands, such as reclaimed areas that are used as rice fields, is important for conservation of geese that overwinter in Korea.
Min Kyung Kim; Sang-Im Lee; Sang Don Lee. Habitat Use and its Implications for the Conservation of the Overwintering Populations of Bean GooseAnser fabalisand Greater White-Fronted GooseA. albifronsin South Korea. Ornithological Science 2016, 15, 141 -149.
AMA StyleMin Kyung Kim, Sang-Im Lee, Sang Don Lee. Habitat Use and its Implications for the Conservation of the Overwintering Populations of Bean GooseAnser fabalisand Greater White-Fronted GooseA. albifronsin South Korea. Ornithological Science. 2016; 15 (2):141-149.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin Kyung Kim; Sang-Im Lee; Sang Don Lee. 2016. "Habitat Use and its Implications for the Conservation of the Overwintering Populations of Bean GooseAnser fabalisand Greater White-Fronted GooseA. albifronsin South Korea." Ornithological Science 15, no. 2: 141-149.
The water deer (Hydropotes inermis) is one of the rare small ruminants in the world. There are two distinct subspecies in Far East Asia: one (H. i. inermis) lives in China, and the other (H. i. argyropus) lives in Korea. Unlike the Chinese subspecies, the diet of the Korean subspecies in the wild has rarely been studied. Here, we analyzed the diets of the Korean water deer by using 202 bp rbcL sequences of plants found in fecal samples. Both similarity (%) and phylogeny (NJ tree) of the sequences were considered for the sequence assignment. These methods successfully assigned each sequence to only one family of one order without exception. We found that the Korean water deer fed on a total of 18 orders and 24 families of plants in the summer season. It fed mainly on Asteraceae family (28.4%) followed by Fagaceae (15.9%) and Polygonaceae (11.5%). There was a significant difference in diet composition between lowland area and mountainous area deer (P < 0.001). The Korean water deer on Daebu Island are presumably browsers feeding mainly on forbs or woody plants.
Baek Jun Kim; Nam Sook Lee; Sang Don Lee. Feeding diets of the Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) based on a 202 bp rbcL sequence analysis. Conservation Genetics 2011, 12, 851 -856.
AMA StyleBaek Jun Kim, Nam Sook Lee, Sang Don Lee. Feeding diets of the Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) based on a 202 bp rbcL sequence analysis. Conservation Genetics. 2011; 12 (3):851-856.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaek Jun Kim; Nam Sook Lee; Sang Don Lee. 2011. "Feeding diets of the Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) based on a 202 bp rbcL sequence analysis." Conservation Genetics 12, no. 3: 851-856.
Water deer (Hydropotes inermis) belong to the genus Hydropotes, which is ecologically well adapted for environments ranging from desert to forest. Water deer tend to occupy the richest areas between forest and grasslands. There are two distinct subspecies in far East Asia: one in China (H. inermis inermis), and the other in Korea (H. inermis argyropus). Despite being listed as vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, little is known about the water deer. The species occurs in most areas of the Korean peninsula, except for Seoul and Jeju Island. Kyunggi Province near Seoul showed the lowest rate (56%) due to urbanization. There was a high difference in their presence between inland (81%) and coastal (60%) areas . In addition, large cities (67%) showed much lower rates than did rural areas (83%) where human population size is relatively low. Water deer are distributed differently based on habitat type, with differences in mean density observed among lowland (6.93 ind./km2), mountainous (1.91), and urban (1.27) areas. There was also a difference in mean density between low-elevation and high-elevation areas. Finally, whereas the deer preferred landscapes with 20°–25° of slope and broadleaf forest (P < 0.01), they did not avoid areas with other types of slopes and habitats.
Baek-Jun Kim; Dae-Hyun Oh; Seung-Hoon Chun; Sang-Don Lee. Distribution, density, and habitat use of the Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) in Korea. Landscape and Ecological Engineering 2010, 7, 291 -297.
AMA StyleBaek-Jun Kim, Dae-Hyun Oh, Seung-Hoon Chun, Sang-Don Lee. Distribution, density, and habitat use of the Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) in Korea. Landscape and Ecological Engineering. 2010; 7 (2):291-297.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaek-Jun Kim; Dae-Hyun Oh; Seung-Hoon Chun; Sang-Don Lee. 2010. "Distribution, density, and habitat use of the Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) in Korea." Landscape and Ecological Engineering 7, no. 2: 291-297.
We studied the winter foraging activity of the endangered Red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) and the vulnerable White-naped crane (Grus vipio) in the Cheolwon area of the Civilian Control Zone (CCZ) area of South Korea, adjacent to the Demilitarized Zone with North Korea. Due to its limited development, the CCZ is one of the most critical migratory habitats for these endangered cranes. Farmers in the CCZ now plow most of their fields after the fall harvest rather than in the spring as they did previously. Cranes observed on the few remaining unplowed fields in the CCZ spent more time foraging than cranes on adjacent plowed fields. This behavior is a clear indication that the unplowed fields contain more food resources for the cranes than do the plowed fields. This is the first behavioral demonstration of differences in foraging between plowed and unplowed rice paddies for cranes in one of the cranes’ most important refuges. We believe that the changes associated with plowing rice paddies may be detrimental to these threatened cranes, and efforts to promote unplowed fields in the CCZ should be encouraged.
Sang Don Lee; Piotr G. Jabłoński; Hiroyoshi Higuchi. Winter foraging of threatened cranes in the Demilitarized Zone of Korea: Behavioral evidence for the conservation importance of unplowed rice fields. Biological Conservation 2007, 138, 286 -289.
AMA StyleSang Don Lee, Piotr G. Jabłoński, Hiroyoshi Higuchi. Winter foraging of threatened cranes in the Demilitarized Zone of Korea: Behavioral evidence for the conservation importance of unplowed rice fields. Biological Conservation. 2007; 138 (1-2):286-289.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSang Don Lee; Piotr G. Jabłoński; Hiroyoshi Higuchi. 2007. "Winter foraging of threatened cranes in the Demilitarized Zone of Korea: Behavioral evidence for the conservation importance of unplowed rice fields." Biological Conservation 138, no. 1-2: 286-289.
We determined how the presence of heterospecific individuals in the vicinity of a focal individual affects the behavior of two critically endangered species of cranes on their wintering grounds at Cheolwon in the Korean Demilitarized Zone. The red-crowned crane, Grus japonensis, is larger than the white-naped crane, Grus vipio, and it dominates the white-naped crane in aggressive interactions. We showed that the dominant species increases foraging activity in the presence of the subordinate species presumably because of scrounging of food from the subordinate. Because interspecific interactions may affect avian endangerments these behavioral findings should be taken into account when managing winter refuges for the two endangered crane species.
Sang Don Lee; Piotr G. Jabłoński; Hiroyoshi Higuchi. Effect of heterospecifics on foraging of endangered red-crowned and white-naped cranes in the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Ecological Research 2006, 22, 635 -640.
AMA StyleSang Don Lee, Piotr G. Jabłoński, Hiroyoshi Higuchi. Effect of heterospecifics on foraging of endangered red-crowned and white-naped cranes in the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Ecological Research. 2006; 22 (4):635-640.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSang Don Lee; Piotr G. Jabłoński; Hiroyoshi Higuchi. 2006. "Effect of heterospecifics on foraging of endangered red-crowned and white-naped cranes in the Korean Demilitarized Zone." Ecological Research 22, no. 4: 635-640.
Sang Don Lee; Piotr G. Jabłoński. Effects of visual stimuli, substrate-borne vibrations and air current stimuli on escape reactions in insect prey of flush-pursuing birds and their implications for evolution of flush-pursuers. Behaviour 2006, 143, 303 -324.
AMA StyleSang Don Lee, Piotr G. Jabłoński. Effects of visual stimuli, substrate-borne vibrations and air current stimuli on escape reactions in insect prey of flush-pursuing birds and their implications for evolution of flush-pursuers. Behaviour. 2006; 143 (3):303-324.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSang Don Lee; Piotr G. Jabłoński. 2006. "Effects of visual stimuli, substrate-borne vibrations and air current stimuli on escape reactions in insect prey of flush-pursuing birds and their implications for evolution of flush-pursuers." Behaviour 143, no. 3: 303-324.
Piotr G. Jabłoński; Sang Don Lee. Foraging niche shifts in mixed-species flocks of tits in Korea. Journal of Field Ornithology 2002, 73, 246 -252.
AMA StylePiotr G. Jabłoński, Sang Don Lee. Foraging niche shifts in mixed-species flocks of tits in Korea. Journal of Field Ornithology. 2002; 73 (3):246-252.
Chicago/Turabian StylePiotr G. Jabłoński; Sang Don Lee. 2002. "Foraging niche shifts in mixed-species flocks of tits in Korea." Journal of Field Ornithology 73, no. 3: 246-252.