The drainage of asphalt pavement requires the use of a large amount of high-viscosity-modified asphalt, which faces the service environment under dynamic water erosion. The feasibility of recycling high-viscosity-modified asphalt should be investigated to facilitate sustainable infrastructure construction. This study used ultrasonic equipment to simulate dynamic water erosion test conditions and tested the adhesion performance of different types of recycled high-viscosity asphalt at various environmental temperatures. The adhesion energy index and microstructure of recycled high-viscosity asphalt were analyzed using the contact angle test and AFM test. The results demonstrate that the higher the environmental temperature, the worse the anti-stripping performance of recycled high-viscosity asphalt. From the perspective of adhesion performance indicators, a 6% recycling agent dosage is more conducive to restoring the performance of aged high-viscosity -modified asphalt. The AFM test showed that the microstructure of high-viscosity -modified asphalt represented significant changes with an increase in the recycling agent content, and the change in the adhesion force of recycled high-viscosity -modified asphalt was consistent with the results of macroscopic adhesion performance tests. This study illustrates the applicability of implementing regeneration technology for the recycling of aged drainage asphalt pavement.