The disruption of fossil fuel supply chains due to the war in Ukraine has resulted in the need for an urgent reorganisation of the energy supply system, the cost of which has created a substantial increase in electricity prices in many markets. In light of the above, the need for the development of a renewable energy market has become stronger than ever; hence, the authors of this study have oriented their efforts towards investigating the development of the renewable energy market in countries bordering the line of armed conflict in Ukraine, i.e., Poland—strongly dependent on traditional forms of energy production—and Lithuania. The primary objective of the paper is to review the literature on wind energy, which is necessary to establish the current role of this energy dimension in the renewable energy market in the energy systems of Poland and Lithuania. Therefore, this review paper is oriented towards a review and evaluation of the available thematic literature and industry studies, as well as conclusions related to the number and direction of research topics in the area of the explored issues. The basic finding of this review is that the reviewed literature and studies are most strongly oriented towards a general assessment of the ongoing energy transition in the world, in which the thread of the assessment of the energy situation in Poland and Lithuania, including the thread of the analysis of wind energy, is part of broader assessments, most often regarding EU countries. The wind energy of the countries included in the scope of the review is not discussed comprehensively. The gap identified in this respect relates in particular to the aspect of wind energy development potential concerning solutions targeted at the individual consumer. In quantitative terms, studies addressing wind energy in Lithuania represent a lower percentage of the thematic literature acquired for the review. In the area of noted niches, the need for research and analysis is recommended to increase the information supply for developing the renewable energy market in Poland and Lithuania. In doing so, it is important to explore the technical and technological solutions (with a focus on the individual customer) and the economic aspects of wind installations from a micro and macro perspective. In addition, there is a lack of sufficient studies revealing the position of public opinion regarding the development of this dimension of the RES market and the direction of its changes. This is an important problem—particularly in Poland, where the so-called distance law constantly blocks the development of this dimension of RES and where the need to develop energy from renewable sources is particularly urgent.

The United States has emerged as a global leader in wind energy deployment, yet the industry faces evolving challenges linked to policy uncertainty, infrastructure constraints, and supply chain disruptions. This review aims to analyze selected aspects of the U.S. wind energy market in light of recent economic, regulatory, and environmental developments. Drawing upon the academic literature, policy documents, and industry reports, the paper outlines key trends in both onshore and offshore wind sectors, evaluates technological and economic progress, and identifies structural barriers that may hinder further growth. Special attention is given to the role of federal incentives, such as the Inflation Reduction Act, and to the regional differentiation in wind capacity expansion. Additionally, the potential of small-scale wind systems for individual- and community-level energy resilience is explored as an underrepresented area in current research. The findings suggest that while the U.S. wind market holds significant untapped potential, strategic improvements in grid modernization, permitting processes, and public engagement are essential. The review highlights the need for more inclusive and regionally sensitive policy approaches to unlock future development pathways in the U.S. wind energy sector.

Interval numbers comprise potential fields of application and describe the imprecision brought on by the flexible nature of data between boundaries. The recently added type-2 interval number allows a more thorough understanding of interval numbers. Differential equations are commonly employed in mathematical models to handle dynamic problems. It is essential to provide theories of differential equations to describe these models in an ambiguous environment controlled by type-2 interval numbers. This study proposes the type-2 interval context solvability requirements for the initial-valued first differential equation. The conditions for the solution’s existence and uniqueness must be met before a brief manifestation of the solution under generalized Hukuhara differentiation occurs. An economic order quantity model analysis in a type-2 interval scenario uses a generalized Hukuhara differentiation approach.

We conducted research on “Workplace Bullying Causing Employee Turnover: A Responsible HRM Approach.” The reason behind choosing this topic is that workplace bullying has been a significant concern for an extensive time, and its impact on employees is unavoidable. We read several relevant research papers related to our topic and finally decided to conduct theoretical research. We used a necessary number of research papers or articles for information. Furthermore, we have set the following objectives for this article: the reason for workplace bullying, the impacts of bullying on employee turnover, the role of human resource management (HRM), and finally, the lack of HRM to minimize the problem. Literature reviews of selected papers have been added to our research article to enlighten the audience about the topic. In this research report, the reasons for workplace bullying and its impact on turnover intentions have been explained. For example, people with less self-confidence and behavior disorders tend to bully often. Work pressure is one of the important points here, which drives bullying behavior. There are many other reasons, which we have explained in this research article. People with high self-confidence can fight back against bullies, but people with less tend to be quiet. These are some key issues of this research article. Finally, the roles the HRM team can play to minimize bullying and turnover have been mentioned. Also, the practical and theoretical implications of the research results and some suggestions have been indicated in this research article.

The primary purpose of this study was to find sources of income in Piranshahr private schools. The research method employed was qualitative. Participants in the study were all principals of private schools in Piranshahr. Samples of participants were selected by purposeful sampling and continued until data saturation (n = 10). The reliability of the study was determined using broad themes, a study of theoretical foundations, research background, research goals, and expert guidance. The data was collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using thematic network methods and NVivo software. The results show that the sources of income for private schools are tuition, the buffet of school, voluntary and public help, extracurricular activity, standard exams, sales of books and teaching aids, contracts with educational institutions, and leasing of unusable school space.

Despite the positive dynamics of biogas and biomethane production in Poland, the country still lags behind Western European leaders per capita. With the ongoing phaseout of coal and the growing demand for power system flexibility, the importance of alternative solutions, with particular emphasis on renewable gases, is growing. Furthermore, capturing methane from manure and food waste offers a significant opportunity to significantly reduce the release of harmful gases into the atmosphere, as well as to recycle nutrients, which in turn translates into enhanced environmental performance (ESG). This places biogas production in Poland among the current and important issues of the energy transition. The available research relates to a limited extent to the conditions of biogas production and processes, particularly in the Polish market. With this in mind, the challenge was taken up to provide up-to-date knowledge on the management challenges of the biogas sector in Poland—today’s situation, conditions and development potential until 2030 and beyond. The analysis draws on regulatory reports, official records, EU policy documents, and industry data, offering practical insights for policymakers, investors, and researchers. The review’s methodology is based on economic analysis and evaluation techniques. The analysis revealed that management challenges in Poland’s biogas sector differ in severity and systemic impact. The priority ranking of barriers is as follows: policy and regulatory barriers, economic barriers, technological barriers, and social barriers. Moreover, the analysis confirms that feedstock price volatility and revenue instability are core components of the economic barrier category, directly affecting managerial decision-making, risk perception, and the overall investment climate in the Polish biogas industry.