Liquid products obtained by the fast pyrolysis process applied to biomass can be used as chemical raw materials and liquid fuels. In this study, tea bush, walnut shell, and pine cone samples selected as biomass samples were obtained from Trabzon and Rize provinces in the Eastern Black Sea Region and used. When considered in terms of our region, the available biomass waste samples are easy to access and have a high potential in quantity. To employ them in the experimental investigation, these biomass samples were first ground, sieved to a particle size of 1.0 mm, and mixed. A fast pyrolysis process was applied to this obtained biomass mixture in a fixed-bed pyrolysis reactor. The effects of temperature, heating rate, and nitrogen flow rate on the product yields of the fast pyrolysis technique used on the biomass mixture are examined. A constant particle size of 1.0 mm, temperatures of 300, 400, 500, 600, and 750 °C, heating rates of 100, 250, 400, and 600 °C.min⁻¹, and flow rates of 50, 100, 200, and 300 cm³.min⁻¹ were used in tests on fast pyrolysis. The studies showed the 500 °C pyrolysis temperature, 100 °C min⁻¹ heating rate, and 50 cm³.min⁻¹ nitrogen flow rate gave the maximum liquid product yield. The liquid product generated under the most compelling circumstances is analyzed to determine moisture, calorific value, fixed carbon, ash, raw coke, and volatile matter. Additionally, the crude bio-oil heating value, measured at 5900 cal/g and produced under the most favorable pyrolysis circumstances, rose by around 40% compared to its starting material. The liquid product obtained from rapid pyrolysis experiments can be used as liquid fuel. The evaluation of the potential of chemical raw materials can be a subject of research in a different discipline since there are many chemical raw materials (glycerine, furfurals, cellulose and derivatives, carbonaceous materials, and so forth) in fast pyrolysis liquids.

The products obtained by fast pyrolysis of biomass can be used as an energy source or chemical raw material. In this study, samples of hazelnut shells, tea bush, and hazelnut knot selected as waste biomass were from the cities of Trabzon and Rize in the Eastern Black Sea Region. Firstly, the waste biomass samples were granulated into four different particle sizes by milling and sieving operations. Fast pyrolysis of the samples with specific mixing rates was carried out in a fixed bed reactor. Additionally, 2 wt% vanadium (V) oxide (V₂O₅) was used as catalyst to maximize the yield of pyrolysis liquid products. The influence of temperature, heating rate, and particle size on fast pyrolysis yields under both catalytic and noncatalytic conditions were investigated and compared. While the amount of liquid product increased with the addition of catalyst, the amount of solid products decreased. It has been found that the temperature and heating rate parameters are very effective in liquid product yield. In all experiments, the maximum liquid yield was acquired at the same heating rate of 450°C min⁻¹ and the temperature of 450°C with particle size of 0.5 to 1.0 mm. The maximum pyrolysis liquid (bio‐oil) was obtained with catalytic pyrolysis, and this value was 60.58 wt%.

Depending on the feedstock type and the pyrolysis conditions, biochars exhibit different physical, chemical, and structural properties, which highly influence their performance in various applications. This study presents a comprehensive characterization of biochar materials derived from the waste wood of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) after low-temperature pyrolysis at 270 °C, followed by chemical activation using zinc chloride. The resulting materials were thoroughly analyzed in terms of their chemical composition (FTIR), thermal behavior (TGA/DTG), structural morphology (SEM and XRD), elemental analysis, and particle size distribution. The successful modification of raw biomass into carbon-rich structures of increased aromaticity and thermal stability was confirmed. Particle size analysis revealed that the activated carbon of Fagus sylvatica (FSAC) exhibited a monomodal distribution, indicating high homogeneity, whereas Pinus sylvestris-activated carbon showed a distinct bimodal distribution. This heterogeneity was supported by elemental analysis, revealing a higher inorganic content in pine-activated carbon, likely contributing to its dimensional instability during activation. These findings suggest that the uniform morphology of beech-activated carbon may be advantageous in filtration and adsorption applications, while pine-activated carbon’s heterogeneous structure could be beneficial for multifunctional systems requiring variable pore architectures. Overall, this study underscored the potential of chemically activated biochar from lignocellulosic residues for customized applications in environmental and material science domains.

Liquid yields achieved by fast pyrolysis of ligno-cellulosic biomass can be used in the production of chemical raw materials or as an energy source. Pyrolysis product yields generally depend on the type of biomass, temperature, retention time, heating rate, sweeping gas flow rate and particle size. In this study, fast pyrolysis of fig leaves selected as biomass was carried out in a fixed bed pyrolysis reactor. Fig leaves used in fast pyrolysis experiments in this study as an agricultural by-product can be obtained in large quantities from Turkey. In the experiments, the effect of temperature, entraining gas flow rate, and particle size on pyrolysis product yields were investigated. The experiments were carried out at 400, 500, 600, 700 °C, four different particle sizes. The highest liquid product yield was obtained at 600 C, while the heating rate was 200 cm3/min and the particle size was