Adding N dopants (melamine or urea) to biomass during activation modulates the porosity of activated carbons to enhance CO₂ storage (up to 4.7 mmol g⁻¹ at 1 bar and 25 °C) and methane uptake (0.42 g g⁻¹ and 266 cm³ (STP) cm⁻³ at 25 °C and 100 bar).

Activation of N-rich and O-poor carbonised matter from ionic liquids yields ultraporous carbon (4000 m² g⁻¹ and 3.3 cm³ g⁻¹) with high packing density that translates to methane uptake of up to 0.53 g g⁻¹ and 289 cm³ (STP) cm⁻³ at 25 °C and 100 bar.

The amount of waste heat generated annually in the UK exceeds the total annual electricity demand. Hence, it is crucial to effectively harness all available sources of waste heat based on their varying temperatures. Through suitable technologies, a substantial portion of this waste heat has the potential to be recovered for reutilization. Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) provides the best opportunities to recover waste heat at various temperatures for long-term storage and application. The potential of TCES with magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)₂, has been established, but it has a relatively high dehydration temperature, thus limiting its potential for medium-temperature heat storage applications, which account for a vast proportion of industrial waste heat. To this end, samples of doped Mg(OH)₂ with varying proportions (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) of potassium nitrate (KNO₃) have been developed and characterized for evaluation. The results showed that the Mg(OH)₂ sample with 5 wt% KNO₃ achieved the best outcome and was able to lower the dehydration temperature of the pure Mg(OH)₂ from about 317 °C to 293 °C with an increase in the energy storage capacity from 1246 J/g to 1317 J/g. It also showed a monodisperse surface topology and thermal stability in the non-isothermal test conducted on the sample and therefore appears to have the potential for medium heat storage applications ranging from 293 °C to 400 °C.

The relationship between porosity within a given pore size range, and uptake of CO₂ as a function of pressure.