(1) Background: Supplement use is prevalent worldwide; however, there are limited studies examining the characteristics of people who take supplements in Australia. This study aimed to investigate the demographics, lifestyle habits and health status of supplement users; (2) Methods: Adults aged >19 years (n = 4895) were included from the 2011–2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS). A supplement user was defined as anyone who took one or more supplements on either of two 24-h dietary recalls. Poisson regression was used to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR) of supplement use, according to demographics, lifestyle characteristics and health status of participants; (3) Results: Supplement use was reported by 47% of women and 34% of men, and supplement use was higher among older age groups, among those with higher education levels and from areas reflecting the least socioeconomic disadvantaged. An association was found between blood pressure and supplement use; (4) Conclusions: A substantial proportion of Australians take supplements. Further investigation into the social, psychological and economic determinants that motivate the use of supplements is required, to ensure appropriate use of supplements among Australian adults.

Objective: The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has been increasing globally, with poor diet a key contributor. Parents play an influential role over the food intake of young children. This review explores whether parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and disengaged) or parenting dimensions (warmth and control) are associated with pre-school children’s dietary intake. Design: Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of six electronic databases was conducted. Included articles were based on children aged 2-5 years and reported associations between parenting styles or dimensions and children’s food intake. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed the quality of the articles. Main outcome measures: Pre-school children’s dietary intake. Results: Seven articles met the inclusion criteria. Six of the seven articles found evidence of at least one association between parenting styles or parenting dimensions and children’s dietary intake. Several different measurement tools were used to identify parenting styles (n = 3) and dietary intake (n = 6), with reliability and validity reported in varying ways. The quality score of the articles ranged from 33% to 58%. Conclusion: Overall, an authoritative parenting style or higher levels of warmth appear to be associated with healthier dietary intakes among pre-school children.

Background: Despite significant interest in assessing activity patterns in different populations, there has been no consensus concerning the definition and operationalisation of this term. This has limited the comparability, interpretability, and synthesis of study findings to date. The aim of this study was to establish a consensus regarding the way in which activity patterns and activity pattern components are defined and reported.Methods: The activity patterns literature was searched to identify experts to be invited to participate and to develop a proposed definition of activity patterns and activity pattern components. A three-round modified Delphi survey was conducted online (November 2021 to May 2022). In Round 1, participants were asked to rate their agreement with a proposed activity patterns definition, which also included six activity pattern components (e.g., activity intensity, activity bout, transitions), six examples of activity patterns (e.g., frequency of postural transitions in discrete time periods) and eight items for reporting activity patterns in future research (n = 21 items). Open-ended questions enabled participants to provide further comments and suggestions for additional items. Consensus was defined a priori as ≥ 80% participants rating their agreement with an item. In Round 2, participants were asked to rate their agreement with 25 items (13 original items, eight amended, and four new). In Round 3, participants rated their agreement with 10 items (five original items, four amended, and one new).Results: Twenty experts in activity patterns research participated in Round 1, with response rates of 80% and 60% in Rounds 2 and 3, respectively. The proposed activity pattern definition, all activity pattern components definitions, four of the six activity pattern examples, and 10 items in the activity patterns reporting framework achieved consensus. The removal of one activity component item between Rounds 1 and 2 achieved consensus.Conclusion: This modified Delphi study achieved consensus for defining and reporting activity patterns for the first time. This consensus definition enables standardisation of activity patterns terminology, which is important given the significant interest in quantifying how individuals accumulate their physical activity and sedentary behaviour across the lifespan to inform the development of future public health guidelines and interventions efforts.

Eating behaviours affect food intakes and are involved in the aetiology of obesity. There has been impetus to translate findings about children's eating behaviour into intervention and policy programs. However, measurement limitations have hindered our capacity to understand and influence children's eating behaviours. In the present paper we provide an overview of some of the key methodological and measurement issues facing the field of children's eating behaviours and highlight implications for research and health promotion. Drawing on insight from parallel issues that occur in the measurement of early social and emotional development, we examine two overlapping themes in children's (aged 0-∼12 years) eating behaviours (1) measurement issues related to validity and reliability, and (2) associated methodological challenges, such as contextual influences and the importance of designing studies that use multiple informants and multiple methods. We then suggest insights and strategies aimed at advancing approaches to measurement of children's eating behaviours. To progress our understanding of children's eating behaviours, we conclude that a range of psychometrically sound, fit-for-purpose measurement instruments and procedures are needed for use in multi-trait, multi-method, multi-informant studies in a range of populations and contexts.

Background: Little is known about the pathways linking parent feeding practices with appetitive traits and BMIz throughout infancy. This study examined bidirectional associations between parental feeding practices, infant appetitive traits, and infant BMIz. Methods: Parents (n = 380) of infants aged less than 6 months at baseline reported their feeding practices (using the Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire (FPSQ) for infants and toddlers), infant appetitive traits (using the Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire) and infant BMIz (parent-reported) at three timepoints (< 6 months, ~ 9 months, ~ 12 months) up to 12 months of age. Cross-lagged models examined bidirectional associations between parent feeding practices, infant appetitive traits and infant BMIz. Results: There was strong continuity across the three timepoints for maternal feeding practices, infant appetitive traits, and infant BMIz. Infant food avoidance was prospectively associated with higher parental persuasive feeding. Infant BMIz was prospectively associated with higher parent-led feeding. Parent use of food to calm was prospectively associated with lower infant BMIz, and infant BMIz was prospectively associated with higher infant food approach. Feeding on demand was prospectively associated with lower infant food approach. Conclusion: This study highlights the complex associations between parental feeding practices, infant appetitive traits and infant BMIz. The study demonstrated that both child and parent effects are important, suggesting a need for tailored programs beginning in infancy to promote and support infant appetitive traits and parent feeding practices that support healthy development.