As the largest river basin on Earth, the Amazon is of major importance to the world's climate and water resources. Over the past decades, advances in satellite‐based remote sensing (RS) have brought our understanding of its terrestrial water cycle and the associated hydrological processes to a new era. Here, we review major studies and the various techniques using satellite RS in the Amazon. We show how RS played a major role in supporting new research and key findings regarding the Amazon water cycle, and how the region became a laboratory for groundbreaking investigations of new satellite retrievals and analyses. At the basin‐scale, the understanding of several hydrological processes was only possible with the advent of RS observations, such as the characterization of "rainfall hotspots" in the Andes‐Amazon transition, evapotranspiration rates, and variations of surface waters and groundwater storage. These results strongly contribute to the recent advances of hydrological models and to our new understanding of the Amazon water budget and aquatic environments. In the context of upcoming hydrology‐oriented satellite missions, which will offer the opportunity for new synergies and new observations with finer space‐time resolution, this review aims to guide future research agenda toward integrated monitoring and understanding of the Amazon water from space. Integrated multidisciplinary studies, fostered by international collaborations, set up future directions to tackle the great challenges the Amazon is currently facing, from climate change to increased anthropogenic pressure.

Wildfires are a critical driver of landscape transformation on Earth, representing a dynamic and ephemeral process that poses challenges for accurate early detection. To address this challenge, researchers have increasingly turned to deep learning techniques, which have demonstrated remarkable potential in enhancing the performance of wildfire detection systems. This paper provides a comprehensive review of fire detection using deep learning, spanning from 1990 to 2023. This study employed a comprehensive approach, combining bibliometric analysis, qualitative and quantitative methods, and systematic review techniques to examine the advancements in fire detection using deep learning in remote sensing. It unveils key trends in publication patterns, author collaborations, and thematic focuses, emphasizing the remarkable growth in fire detection using deep learning in remote sensing (FDDL) research, especially from the 2010s onward, fueled by advancements in computational power and remote sensing technologies. The review identifies “Remote Sensing” as the primary platform for FDDL research dissemination and highlights the field’s collaborative nature, with an average of 5.02 authors per paper. The co-occurrence network analysis reveals diverse research themes, spanning technical approaches and practical applications, with significant contributions from China, the United States, South Korea, Brazil, and Australia. Highly cited papers are explored, revealing their substantial influence on the field’s research focus. The analysis underscores the practical implications of integrating high-quality input data and advanced deep-learning techniques with remote sensing for effective fire detection. It provides actionable recommendations for future research, emphasizing interdisciplinary and international collaboration to propel FDDL technologies and applications. The study’s conclusions highlight the growing significance of FDDL technologies and the necessity for ongoing advancements in computational and remote sensing methodologies. The practical takeaway is clear: future research should prioritize enhancing the synergy between deep learning techniques and remote sensing technologies to develop more efficient and accurate fire detection systems, ultimately fostering groundbreaking innovations.

Dryland regions around the world are facing intricate challenges due to climate change and human activities. The Caatinga biome in Brazil, an exceptional dryland ecosystem covering approximately 86.3 million hectares, is particularly impacted by human influence. We conducted an extensive study analyzing changes in land use and land cover within the Caatinga region over a span of 35 years, from 1985 to 2019. This study leverages collective knowledge and collaborative effort with the MapBiomas project to provide valuable insights into the biome’s landscape. It maps eight principal land cover classes using Landsat Collection 1 Tier 1 data normalized to top-of-atmosphere reflectance. All data processing was carried out within the Google Earth Engine platform, and the graphics were generate using R version 3.6.2. This study achieved an impressive 80% global accuracy in the time series of Caatinga land use and land cover (LULC) changes, with allocation and area discrepancies of 11.6% and 8.5%, respectively. The extensive 35-year LULC dataset reveals a substantial 11% reduction in natural vegetation in the Caatinga biome, translating to a loss of 6.57 million hectares. This decline is primarily attributed to the expansion of cattle ranching and agriculture; all types of natural vegetation have experienced decreases, with Savanna Formation (SF) areas declining by 11% and Forest Formation (FF) areas declining by 8%. In contrast, pasturelands expanded by 62% and agricultural land expanded by 284% during this period. With their urgent and significant real-world for informing social, economic, and environmental policy decisions within the Caatinga and other dryland regions globally, these findings underscore the importance and immediacy of our research.