In Indonesia, smallholders have historically practiced agroforestry, which warrants examination in terms of food and livelihood security within sustainable community forest frameworks. Based on a literature review, we analyzed these two forms of security related to smallholder agroforestry practices. Findings indicate diverse agroforestry systems, with 88% focusing on non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and 12% on timber. While 42% prioritize direct food supply, 58% emphasize income generation through product sales. However, agroforestry that does not produce food for direct consumption by smallholders generates revenue for purchasing food necessities. Agroforestry supports both food needs (46–61%) and income (51–54%) for smallholders, surpassing traditional agriculture (13%). Semi-commercial agroforestry (57%) is a predominant livelihood prospect. The remaining 27% are purely subsistence, and 15% are purely commercial. However, the commercialization of agroforestry that focuses only on high-value commodities results in a negative impact on biodiversity. There is a concomitant decrease in environmental services for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Biodiversity remains crucial for climate resilience, health care, and food security in rural communities. Semi-commercial agroforestry is a midpoint for achieving multifunctional agriculture (biodiversity, soil and water conservation, food security, and income) in the climate change era. The research directly related to food security and ecosystem services quantification remains limited, necessitating further investigation. Policy support and incentives are essential for smallholders practicing complex agroforestry for climate adaptation and mitigation.

Application inoculum from Caspian Sea Yoghurt to produce yoghurt containing tea infusion have not been developed thoroughly, until recently. This study aimed to determine the physicochemical characteristic and sensory evaluation of tea infusion yoghurt inoculated with Caspian Sea Yoghurt. Green, white, and black tea infusion were added to UHT milk inoculated with Caspian Sea Yoghurt inoculum and incubated at 30 °C for 12 h. The yoghurt was analyzed at 0, 6, and 12 h of fermentation including pH, acidity, viscosity, colour (L, a*, b*), total polyphenol, and sensory evaluation. The result showed additional tea infusion on manufacturing yoghurt significantly affected on pH, percentage of acidity, viscosity, and colour parameter of yoghurt. During the fermentation process, the prolonged incubation time resulted in increased acidity and viscosity, while simultaneously decreased the pH value. At the end of the fermentation (at 12 h) of yoghurt with 10% tea infusion had a lower pH and a higher percentage of acidity compared to the yoghurt control. Addition of tea infusion on yoghurt has a lower viscosity than yoghurt without tea infusion at the end of the fermentation. Additional tea infusion on yoghurt affected reduced Lightness (L*) value but increased a* and b* value. The results of the present study indicate that additional tea infusion on yoghurt inoculated with Caspian Sea Yoghurt should be considered not only in terms of physicochemical and sensory during manufacturing and storage but also functional properties to improve human health.

Salah satu kendala dalam pengembangan budidaya tanaman penghasil gaharu adalah serangan hama ulat daun di berbagai daerah seperti di Pulau Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB). Ulat tersebut adalah larva dari jenis rama-rama yang diidentifikasi sebagai Heortia vitessoides Moore. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh informasi tentang beberapa aspek ekologi yang menyebabkan terjadinya serangan hama ulat daun pada tanaman gaharu di Pulau Lombok, Provinsi NTB. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada enam lokasi penanaman gaharu yang tersebar di Pulau Lombok, terdiri dari tiga lokasi yang terserang hama ulat daun dan tiga lokasi yang tidak pernah terserang hama. Pada tiap lokasi dibuat petak pengamatan dengan ukuran 20 m x 100 m, sedangkan pada lokasi yang tidak terserang hama dibuat plot vegetasi berukuran 20 m x 25 m atau 20 m x 50 m. Parameter ekologi yang diamati adalah keragaman tanaman vegetasi, ketinggian tempat, suhu udara, kelembaban udara, iklim, dan curah hujan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa parameter ekologi yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap serangan hama ulat daun pada tanaman gaharu adalah dominansi dan keragaman jenis tumbuhan vegetasi, ketinggian dan kelembaban udara. Faktor fisik, suhu, dan curah hujan tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap serangan hama ulat daun pada tanaman gaharu.

One of the success indicator of private forest farming is an increase in farmers’ income, which is indicated by the large contribution of income from private forests. The size of the income is influenced by several factors, including the pattern of private forest management which will determine the quality products of private forests. However, currently, most of the private forest farmers have not placed the aspect of land management as the main factor determining the success of farming in private forests. This research is conducted to determine the role of land management on the income of private forest farmers in Central Lombok Regency. The research was conducted in three private forests in Central Lombok Regency, namely Pemepek, Setiling, and Sepakek Villages. The method used is interviews using questionnaire to 45 respondents who are selected purposively. The object of observation is land management which include plant maintenance, and harvesting; and farmers’ income from private forest and non-private forest. The data analysis was carried out in a descriptive qualitative manner. The results showed that in general, land management carried out by private forest farmers had not been able to increase income from private forests. However, farmers who carry out crop maintenance in the form replanting are able to produce a higher income than when farmers applied other land management activity. The combination of land management activity will improve their income. The more intensive land management, the higher the income will be obtained.