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J. William Munger
Harvar John A. Paulson School of Engineering an Applie Sciences, Harvar University, Cambrige, MA 02138

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Research article
Published: 16 July 2021 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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Mercury is toxic to wildlife and humans, and forests are thought to be a globally important sink for gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) deposition from the atmosphere. Yet there are currently no annual GEM deposition measurements over rural forests. Here we present measurements of ecosystem–atmosphere GEM exchange using tower-based micrometeorological methods in a midlatitude hardwood forest. We measured an annual GEM deposition of 25.1 µg ⋅ m−2 (95% CI: 23.2 to 26.7 1 µg ⋅ m−2), which is five times larger than wet deposition of mercury from the atmosphere. Our observed annual GEM deposition accounts for 76% of total atmospheric mercury deposition and also is three times greater than litterfall mercury deposition, which has previously been used as a proxy measure for GEM deposition in forests. Plant GEM uptake is the dominant driver for ecosystem GEM deposition based on seasonal and diel dynamics that show the forest GEM sink to be largest during active vegetation growing periods and middays, analogous to photosynthetic carbon dioxide assimilation. Soils and litter on the forest floor are additional GEM sinks throughout the year. Our study suggests that mercury loading to this forest was underestimated by a factor of about two and that global forests may constitute a much larger global GEM sink than currently proposed. The larger than anticipated forest GEM sink may explain the high mercury loads observed in soils across rural forests, which impair water quality and aquatic biota via watershed Hg export.

ACS Style

Daniel Obrist; Eric M. Roy; Jamie L. Harrison; Charlotte F. Kwong; J. William Munger; Hans Moosmüller; Christ D. Romero; Shiwei Sun; Jun Zhou; Róisín Commane. Previously unaccounted atmospheric mercury deposition in a midlatitude deciduous forest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2021, 118, 1 .

AMA Style

Daniel Obrist, Eric M. Roy, Jamie L. Harrison, Charlotte F. Kwong, J. William Munger, Hans Moosmüller, Christ D. Romero, Shiwei Sun, Jun Zhou, Róisín Commane. Previously unaccounted atmospheric mercury deposition in a midlatitude deciduous forest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2021; 118 (29):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Obrist; Eric M. Roy; Jamie L. Harrison; Charlotte F. Kwong; J. William Munger; Hans Moosmüller; Christ D. Romero; Shiwei Sun; Jun Zhou; Róisín Commane. 2021. "Previously unaccounted atmospheric mercury deposition in a midlatitude deciduous forest." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 29: 1.

Author correction
Published: 25 February 2021 in Scientific Data
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A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00851-9.

ACS Style

Gilberto Pastorello; Carlo Trotta; Eleonora Canfora; Housen Chu; Danielle Christianson; You-Wei Cheah; Cristina Poindexter; Jiquan Chen; Abdelrahman Elbashandy; Marty Humphrey; Peter Isaac; Diego Polidori; Markus Reichstein; Alessio Ribeca; Catharine van Ingen; Nicolas Vuichard; Leiming Zhang; Brian Amiro; Christof Ammann; M. Altaf Arain; Jonas Ardö; Timothy Arkebauer; Stefan K. Arndt; Nicola Arriga; Marc Aubinet; Mika Aurela; Dennis Baldocchi; Alan Barr; Eric Beamesderfer; Luca Belelli Marchesini; Onil Bergeron; Jason Beringer; Christian Bernhofer; Daniel Berveiller; Dave Billesbach; Thomas Andrew Black; Peter D. Blanken; Gil Bohrer; Julia Boike; Paul V. Bolstad; Damien Bonal; Jean-Marc Bonnefond; David R. Bowling; Rosvel Bracho; Jason Brodeur; Christian Brümmer; Nina Buchmann; Benoit Burban; Sean P. Burns; Pauline Buysse; Peter Cale; Mauro Cavagna; Pierre Cellier; Shiping Chen; Isaac Chini; Torben R. Christensen; James Cleverly; Alessio Collalti; Claudia Consalvo; Bruce D. Cook; David Cook; Carole Coursolle; Edoardo Cremonese; Peter S. Curtis; Ettore D’Andrea; Humberto da Rocha; Xiaoqin Dai; Kenneth J. Davis; Bruno De Cinti; Agnes de Grandcourt; Anne De Ligne; Raimundo C. De Oliveira; Nicolas Delpierre; Ankur R. Desai; Carlos Marcelo Di Bella; Paul di Tommasi; Han Dolman; Francisco Domingo; Gang Dong; Sabina Dore; Pierpaolo Duce; Eric Dufrêne; Allison Dunn; Jiří Dušek; Derek Eamus; Uwe Eichelmann; Hatim Abdalla M. ElKhidir; Werner Eugster; Cacilia M. Ewenz; Brent Ewers; Daniela Famulari; Silvano Fares; Iris Feigenwinter; Andrew Feitz; Rasmus Fensholt; Gianluca Filippa; Marc Fischer; John Frank; Marta Galvagno; Mana Gharun; Damiano Gianelle; Bert Gielen; Beniamino Gioli; Anatoly Gitelson; Ignacio Goded; Mathias Goeckede; Allen H. Goldstein; Christopher M. Gough; Michael L. Goulden; Alexander Graf; Anne Griebel; Carsten Gruening; Thomas Grünwald; Albin Hammerle; Shijie Han; Xingguo Han; Birger Ulf Hansen; Chad Hanson; Juha Hatakka; Yongtao He; Markus Hehn; Bernard Heinesch; Nina Hinko-Najera; Lukas Hörtnagl; Lindsay Hutley; Andreas Ibrom; Hiroki Ikawa; Marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski; Dalibor Janouš; Wilma Jans; Rachhpal Jassal; Shicheng Jiang; Tomomichi Kato; Myroslava Khomik; Janina Klatt; Alexander Knohl; Sara Knox; Hideki Kobayashi; Georgia Koerber; Olaf Kolle; Yoshiko Kosugi; Ayumi Kotani; Andrew Kowalski; Bart Kruijt; Julia Kurbatova; Werner L. Kutsch; Hyojung Kwon; Samuli Launiainen; Tuomas Laurila; Bev Law; Ray Leuning; Yingnian Li; Michael Liddell; Jean-Marc Limousin; Marryanna Lion; Adam J. Liska; Annalea Lohila; Ana López-Ballesteros; Efrén López-Blanco; Benjamin Loubet; Denis Loustau; Antje Lucas-Moffat; Johannes Lüers; Siyan Ma; Craig Macfarlane; Vincenzo Magliulo; Regine Maier; Ivan Mammarella; Giovanni Manca; Barbara Marcolla; Hank A. Margolis; Serena Marras; William Massman; Mikhail Mastepanov; Roser Matamala; Jaclyn Hatala Matthes; Francesco Mazzenga; Harry McCaughey; Ian McHugh; Andrew M. S. McMillan; Lutz Merbold; Wayne Meyer; Tilden Meyers; Scott D. Miller; Stefano Minerbi; Uta Moderow; Russell K. Monson; Leonardo Montagnani; Caitlin E. Moore; Eddy Moors; Virginie Moreaux; Christine Moureaux; J. William Munger; Taro Nakai; Johan Neirynck; Zoran Nesic; Giacomo Nicolini; Asko Noormets; Matthew Northwood; Marcelo Nosetto; Yann Nouvellon; Kimberly Novick; Walter Oechel; Jørgen Eivind Olesen; Jean-Marc Ourcival; Shirley A. Papuga; Frans-Jan Parmentier; Eugenie Paul-Limoges; Marian Pavelka; Matthias Peichl; Elise Pendall; Richard P. Phillips; Kim Pilegaard; Norbert Pirk; Gabriela Posse; Thomas Powell; Heiko Prasse; Suzanne M. Prober; Serge Rambal; Üllar Rannik; Naama Raz-Yaseef; Corinna Rebmann; David Reed; Victor Resco de Dios; Natalia Restrepo-Coupe; Borja R. Reverter; Marilyn Roland; Simone Sabbatini; Torsten Sachs; Scott R. Saleska; Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete; Zulia M. Sanchez-Mejia; Hans Peter Schmid; Marius Schmidt; Karl Schneider; Frederik Schrader; Ivan Schroder; Russell L. Scott; Pavel Sedlák; Penélope Serrano-Ortíz; Changliang Shao; Peili Shi; Ivan Shironya; Lukas Siebicke; Ladislav Šigut; Richard Silberstein; Costantino Sirca; Donatella Spano; Rainer Steinbrecher; Robert M. Stevens; Cove Sturtevant; Andy Suyker; Torbern Tagesson; Satoru Takanashi; Yanhong Tang; Nigel Tapper; Jonathan Thom; Michele Tomassucci; Juha-Pekka Tuovinen; Shawn Urbanski; Riccardo Valentini; Michiel van der Molen; Eva van Gorsel; Ko van Huissteden; Andrej Varlagin; Joseph Verfaillie; Timo Vesala; Caroline Vincke; Domenico Vitale; Natalia Vygodskaya; Jeffrey P. Walker; Elizabeth Walter-Shea; Huimin Wang; Robin Weber; Sebastian Westermann; Christian Wille; Steven Wofsy; Georg Wohlfahrt; Sebastian Wolf; William Woodgate; Yuelin Li; Roberto Zampedri; Junhui Zhang; GuoYi Zhou; Donatella Zona; Deb Agarwal; Sebastien Biraud; Margaret Torn; Dario Papale. Author Correction: The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data. Scientific Data 2021, 8, 1 -2.

AMA Style

Gilberto Pastorello, Carlo Trotta, Eleonora Canfora, Housen Chu, Danielle Christianson, You-Wei Cheah, Cristina Poindexter, Jiquan Chen, Abdelrahman Elbashandy, Marty Humphrey, Peter Isaac, Diego Polidori, Markus Reichstein, Alessio Ribeca, Catharine van Ingen, Nicolas Vuichard, Leiming Zhang, Brian Amiro, Christof Ammann, M. Altaf Arain, Jonas Ardö, Timothy Arkebauer, Stefan K. Arndt, Nicola Arriga, Marc Aubinet, Mika Aurela, Dennis Baldocchi, Alan Barr, Eric Beamesderfer, Luca Belelli Marchesini, Onil Bergeron, Jason Beringer, Christian Bernhofer, Daniel Berveiller, Dave Billesbach, Thomas Andrew Black, Peter D. Blanken, Gil Bohrer, Julia Boike, Paul V. Bolstad, Damien Bonal, Jean-Marc Bonnefond, David R. Bowling, Rosvel Bracho, Jason Brodeur, Christian Brümmer, Nina Buchmann, Benoit Burban, Sean P. Burns, Pauline Buysse, Peter Cale, Mauro Cavagna, Pierre Cellier, Shiping Chen, Isaac Chini, Torben R. Christensen, James Cleverly, Alessio Collalti, Claudia Consalvo, Bruce D. Cook, David Cook, Carole Coursolle, Edoardo Cremonese, Peter S. Curtis, Ettore D’Andrea, Humberto da Rocha, Xiaoqin Dai, Kenneth J. Davis, Bruno De Cinti, Agnes de Grandcourt, Anne De Ligne, Raimundo C. De Oliveira, Nicolas Delpierre, Ankur R. Desai, Carlos Marcelo Di Bella, Paul di Tommasi, Han Dolman, Francisco Domingo, Gang Dong, Sabina Dore, Pierpaolo Duce, Eric Dufrêne, Allison Dunn, Jiří Dušek, Derek Eamus, Uwe Eichelmann, Hatim Abdalla M. ElKhidir, Werner Eugster, Cacilia M. Ewenz, Brent Ewers, Daniela Famulari, Silvano Fares, Iris Feigenwinter, Andrew Feitz, Rasmus Fensholt, Gianluca Filippa, Marc Fischer, John Frank, Marta Galvagno, Mana Gharun, Damiano Gianelle, Bert Gielen, Beniamino Gioli, Anatoly Gitelson, Ignacio Goded, Mathias Goeckede, Allen H. Goldstein, Christopher M. Gough, Michael L. Goulden, Alexander Graf, Anne Griebel, Carsten Gruening, Thomas Grünwald, Albin Hammerle, Shijie Han, Xingguo Han, Birger Ulf Hansen, Chad Hanson, Juha Hatakka, Yongtao He, Markus Hehn, Bernard Heinesch, Nina Hinko-Najera, Lukas Hörtnagl, Lindsay Hutley, Andreas Ibrom, Hiroki Ikawa, Marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski, Dalibor Janouš, Wilma Jans, Rachhpal Jassal, Shicheng Jiang, Tomomichi Kato, Myroslava Khomik, Janina Klatt, Alexander Knohl, Sara Knox, Hideki Kobayashi, Georgia Koerber, Olaf Kolle, Yoshiko Kosugi, Ayumi Kotani, Andrew Kowalski, Bart Kruijt, Julia Kurbatova, Werner L. Kutsch, Hyojung Kwon, Samuli Launiainen, Tuomas Laurila, Bev Law, Ray Leuning, Yingnian Li, Michael Liddell, Jean-Marc Limousin, Marryanna Lion, Adam J. Liska, Annalea Lohila, Ana López-Ballesteros, Efrén López-Blanco, Benjamin Loubet, Denis Loustau, Antje Lucas-Moffat, Johannes Lüers, Siyan Ma, Craig Macfarlane, Vincenzo Magliulo, Regine Maier, Ivan Mammarella, Giovanni Manca, Barbara Marcolla, Hank A. Margolis, Serena Marras, William Massman, Mikhail Mastepanov, Roser Matamala, Jaclyn Hatala Matthes, Francesco Mazzenga, Harry McCaughey, Ian McHugh, Andrew M. S. McMillan, Lutz Merbold, Wayne Meyer, Tilden Meyers, Scott D. Miller, Stefano Minerbi, Uta Moderow, Russell K. Monson, Leonardo Montagnani, Caitlin E. Moore, Eddy Moors, Virginie Moreaux, Christine Moureaux, J. William Munger, Taro Nakai, Johan Neirynck, Zoran Nesic, Giacomo Nicolini, Asko Noormets, Matthew Northwood, Marcelo Nosetto, Yann Nouvellon, Kimberly Novick, Walter Oechel, Jørgen Eivind Olesen, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Shirley A. Papuga, Frans-Jan Parmentier, Eugenie Paul-Limoges, Marian Pavelka, Matthias Peichl, Elise Pendall, Richard P. Phillips, Kim Pilegaard, Norbert Pirk, Gabriela Posse, Thomas Powell, Heiko Prasse, Suzanne M. Prober, Serge Rambal, Üllar Rannik, Naama Raz-Yaseef, Corinna Rebmann, David Reed, Victor Resco de Dios, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, Borja R. Reverter, Marilyn Roland, Simone Sabbatini, Torsten Sachs, Scott R. Saleska, Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete, Zulia M. Sanchez-Mejia, Hans Peter Schmid, Marius Schmidt, Karl Schneider, Frederik Schrader, Ivan Schroder, Russell L. Scott, Pavel Sedlák, Penélope Serrano-Ortíz, Changliang Shao, Peili Shi, Ivan Shironya, Lukas Siebicke, Ladislav Šigut, Richard Silberstein, Costantino Sirca, Donatella Spano, Rainer Steinbrecher, Robert M. Stevens, Cove Sturtevant, Andy Suyker, Torbern Tagesson, Satoru Takanashi, Yanhong Tang, Nigel Tapper, Jonathan Thom, Michele Tomassucci, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Shawn Urbanski, Riccardo Valentini, Michiel van der Molen, Eva van Gorsel, Ko van Huissteden, Andrej Varlagin, Joseph Verfaillie, Timo Vesala, Caroline Vincke, Domenico Vitale, Natalia Vygodskaya, Jeffrey P. Walker, Elizabeth Walter-Shea, Huimin Wang, Robin Weber, Sebastian Westermann, Christian Wille, Steven Wofsy, Georg Wohlfahrt, Sebastian Wolf, William Woodgate, Yuelin Li, Roberto Zampedri, Junhui Zhang, GuoYi Zhou, Donatella Zona, Deb Agarwal, Sebastien Biraud, Margaret Torn, Dario Papale. Author Correction: The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data. Scientific Data. 2021; 8 (1):1-2.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gilberto Pastorello; Carlo Trotta; Eleonora Canfora; Housen Chu; Danielle Christianson; You-Wei Cheah; Cristina Poindexter; Jiquan Chen; Abdelrahman Elbashandy; Marty Humphrey; Peter Isaac; Diego Polidori; Markus Reichstein; Alessio Ribeca; Catharine van Ingen; Nicolas Vuichard; Leiming Zhang; Brian Amiro; Christof Ammann; M. Altaf Arain; Jonas Ardö; Timothy Arkebauer; Stefan K. Arndt; Nicola Arriga; Marc Aubinet; Mika Aurela; Dennis Baldocchi; Alan Barr; Eric Beamesderfer; Luca Belelli Marchesini; Onil Bergeron; Jason Beringer; Christian Bernhofer; Daniel Berveiller; Dave Billesbach; Thomas Andrew Black; Peter D. Blanken; Gil Bohrer; Julia Boike; Paul V. Bolstad; Damien Bonal; Jean-Marc Bonnefond; David R. Bowling; Rosvel Bracho; Jason Brodeur; Christian Brümmer; Nina Buchmann; Benoit Burban; Sean P. Burns; Pauline Buysse; Peter Cale; Mauro Cavagna; Pierre Cellier; Shiping Chen; Isaac Chini; Torben R. Christensen; James Cleverly; Alessio Collalti; Claudia Consalvo; Bruce D. Cook; David Cook; Carole Coursolle; Edoardo Cremonese; Peter S. Curtis; Ettore D’Andrea; Humberto da Rocha; Xiaoqin Dai; Kenneth J. Davis; Bruno De Cinti; Agnes de Grandcourt; Anne De Ligne; Raimundo C. De Oliveira; Nicolas Delpierre; Ankur R. Desai; Carlos Marcelo Di Bella; Paul di Tommasi; Han Dolman; Francisco Domingo; Gang Dong; Sabina Dore; Pierpaolo Duce; Eric Dufrêne; Allison Dunn; Jiří Dušek; Derek Eamus; Uwe Eichelmann; Hatim Abdalla M. ElKhidir; Werner Eugster; Cacilia M. Ewenz; Brent Ewers; Daniela Famulari; Silvano Fares; Iris Feigenwinter; Andrew Feitz; Rasmus Fensholt; Gianluca Filippa; Marc Fischer; John Frank; Marta Galvagno; Mana Gharun; Damiano Gianelle; Bert Gielen; Beniamino Gioli; Anatoly Gitelson; Ignacio Goded; Mathias Goeckede; Allen H. Goldstein; Christopher M. Gough; Michael L. Goulden; Alexander Graf; Anne Griebel; Carsten Gruening; Thomas Grünwald; Albin Hammerle; Shijie Han; Xingguo Han; Birger Ulf Hansen; Chad Hanson; Juha Hatakka; Yongtao He; Markus Hehn; Bernard Heinesch; Nina Hinko-Najera; Lukas Hörtnagl; Lindsay Hutley; Andreas Ibrom; Hiroki Ikawa; Marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski; Dalibor Janouš; Wilma Jans; Rachhpal Jassal; Shicheng Jiang; Tomomichi Kato; Myroslava Khomik; Janina Klatt; Alexander Knohl; Sara Knox; Hideki Kobayashi; Georgia Koerber; Olaf Kolle; Yoshiko Kosugi; Ayumi Kotani; Andrew Kowalski; Bart Kruijt; Julia Kurbatova; Werner L. Kutsch; Hyojung Kwon; Samuli Launiainen; Tuomas Laurila; Bev Law; Ray Leuning; Yingnian Li; Michael Liddell; Jean-Marc Limousin; Marryanna Lion; Adam J. Liska; Annalea Lohila; Ana López-Ballesteros; Efrén López-Blanco; Benjamin Loubet; Denis Loustau; Antje Lucas-Moffat; Johannes Lüers; Siyan Ma; Craig Macfarlane; Vincenzo Magliulo; Regine Maier; Ivan Mammarella; Giovanni Manca; Barbara Marcolla; Hank A. Margolis; Serena Marras; William Massman; Mikhail Mastepanov; Roser Matamala; Jaclyn Hatala Matthes; Francesco Mazzenga; Harry McCaughey; Ian McHugh; Andrew M. S. McMillan; Lutz Merbold; Wayne Meyer; Tilden Meyers; Scott D. Miller; Stefano Minerbi; Uta Moderow; Russell K. Monson; Leonardo Montagnani; Caitlin E. Moore; Eddy Moors; Virginie Moreaux; Christine Moureaux; J. William Munger; Taro Nakai; Johan Neirynck; Zoran Nesic; Giacomo Nicolini; Asko Noormets; Matthew Northwood; Marcelo Nosetto; Yann Nouvellon; Kimberly Novick; Walter Oechel; Jørgen Eivind Olesen; Jean-Marc Ourcival; Shirley A. Papuga; Frans-Jan Parmentier; Eugenie Paul-Limoges; Marian Pavelka; Matthias Peichl; Elise Pendall; Richard P. Phillips; Kim Pilegaard; Norbert Pirk; Gabriela Posse; Thomas Powell; Heiko Prasse; Suzanne M. Prober; Serge Rambal; Üllar Rannik; Naama Raz-Yaseef; Corinna Rebmann; David Reed; Victor Resco de Dios; Natalia Restrepo-Coupe; Borja R. Reverter; Marilyn Roland; Simone Sabbatini; Torsten Sachs; Scott R. Saleska; Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete; Zulia M. Sanchez-Mejia; Hans Peter Schmid; Marius Schmidt; Karl Schneider; Frederik Schrader; Ivan Schroder; Russell L. Scott; Pavel Sedlák; Penélope Serrano-Ortíz; Changliang Shao; Peili Shi; Ivan Shironya; Lukas Siebicke; Ladislav Šigut; Richard Silberstein; Costantino Sirca; Donatella Spano; Rainer Steinbrecher; Robert M. Stevens; Cove Sturtevant; Andy Suyker; Torbern Tagesson; Satoru Takanashi; Yanhong Tang; Nigel Tapper; Jonathan Thom; Michele Tomassucci; Juha-Pekka Tuovinen; Shawn Urbanski; Riccardo Valentini; Michiel van der Molen; Eva van Gorsel; Ko van Huissteden; Andrej Varlagin; Joseph Verfaillie; Timo Vesala; Caroline Vincke; Domenico Vitale; Natalia Vygodskaya; Jeffrey P. Walker; Elizabeth Walter-Shea; Huimin Wang; Robin Weber; Sebastian Westermann; Christian Wille; Steven Wofsy; Georg Wohlfahrt; Sebastian Wolf; William Woodgate; Yuelin Li; Roberto Zampedri; Junhui Zhang; GuoYi Zhou; Donatella Zona; Deb Agarwal; Sebastien Biraud; Margaret Torn; Dario Papale. 2021. "Author Correction: The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data." Scientific Data 8, no. 1: 1-2.

Journal article
Published: 06 February 2021 in Land
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Forest carbon sequestration offset protocols have been employed for more than 20 years with limited success in slowing deforestation and increasing forest carbon trading volume. Direct measurement of forest carbon flux improves quantification for trading but has not been applied to forest carbon research projects with more than 600 site installations worldwide. In this study, we apply carbon accounting methods, scaling hours to decades to 28-years of scientific CO2 eddy covariance data for the Harvard Forest (US-Ha1), located in central Massachusetts, USA, establishing commercial carbon trading protocols and applications for similar sites. We illustrate and explain transactions of high-frequency direct measurement for CO2 net ecosystem exchange (NEE, gC m−2 year−1) that track and monetize ecosystem carbon dynamics in contrast to approaches that rely on forest mensuration and growth models. NEE, based on eddy covariance methodology, quantifies loss of CO2 by ecosystem respiration accounted for as an unavoidable debit to net carbon sequestration. Retrospective analysis of the US-Ha1 NEE times series including carbon pricing, interval analysis, and ton-year exit accounting and revenue scenarios inform entrepreneur, investor, and landowner forest carbon commercialization strategies. CO2 efflux accounts for ~45% of US-Ha1 NEE, or an error of ~466% if excluded; however, the decades-old coupled human and natural system remains a financially viable net carbon sink. We introduce isoflux NEE for t13C16O2 and t12C18O16O to directly partition and quantify daytime ecosystem respiration and photosynthesis, creating new soil carbon commerce applications and derivative products in contrast to undifferentiated bulk soil carbon pool approaches. Eddy covariance NEE methods harmonize and standardize carbon commerce across diverse forest applications including, a New England, USA regional eddy covariance network, the Paris Agreement, and related climate mitigation platforms.

ACS Style

Nahuel Bautista; Bruno Marino; J. Munger. Science to Commerce: A Commercial-Scale Protocol for Carbon Trading Applied to a 28-Year Record of Forest Carbon Monitoring at the Harvard Forest. Land 2021, 10, 163 .

AMA Style

Nahuel Bautista, Bruno Marino, J. Munger. Science to Commerce: A Commercial-Scale Protocol for Carbon Trading Applied to a 28-Year Record of Forest Carbon Monitoring at the Harvard Forest. Land. 2021; 10 (2):163.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nahuel Bautista; Bruno Marino; J. Munger. 2021. "Science to Commerce: A Commercial-Scale Protocol for Carbon Trading Applied to a 28-Year Record of Forest Carbon Monitoring at the Harvard Forest." Land 10, no. 2: 163.

Research article
Published: 01 January 2021 in Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology
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Extensive studies are available that analyse time series of carbon dioxide and water flux measurements of FLUXNET sites over many years and link these results to climate change such as changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, air temperature and growing season length and other factors. Many of the sites show trends to a larger carbon uptake. Here we analyse time series of net ecosystem exchange, gross primary production, respiration, and evapotranspiration of four forest sites with particularly long measurement periods of about 20 years. The regular trends shown are interrupted by periods with higher or lower increases of carbon uptake. These breakpoints can be of very different origin and include forest decline, increased vegetation period, drought effects, heat waves, and changes in site heterogeneity. The influence of such breakpoints should be included in long-term studies of land-atmosphere exchange processes.

ACS Style

Thomas Foken; Wolfgang Babel; J. William Munger; Tiia Grönholm; Timo Vesala; Alexander Knohl. Selected breakpoints of net forest carbon uptake at four eddy-covariance sites. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 2021, 73, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Thomas Foken, Wolfgang Babel, J. William Munger, Tiia Grönholm, Timo Vesala, Alexander Knohl. Selected breakpoints of net forest carbon uptake at four eddy-covariance sites. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology. 2021; 73 (1):1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas Foken; Wolfgang Babel; J. William Munger; Tiia Grönholm; Timo Vesala; Alexander Knohl. 2021. "Selected breakpoints of net forest carbon uptake at four eddy-covariance sites." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 73, no. 1: 1-12.

Journal article
Published: 11 September 2020 in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
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Sulfur compounds are an important constituent of particulate matter, with impacts on climate and public health. While most sulfur observed in particulate matter has been assumed to be sulfate, laboratory experiments reveal that hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS), an adduct formed by aqueous phase chemical reaction of dissolved HCHO and SO2, may be easily misinterpreted in measurements as sulfate. Here we present observational and modeling evidence for a ubiquitous global presence of HMS. We find that filter samples collected in Shijiazhuang, China, and examined with ion chromatography within 9 days show as much as 7.6 μg m‐3 of HMS, while samples from Singapore examined 9‐18 months after collection reveal ~0.6 μg m‐3 of HMS. The Shijiazhuang samples show only minor traces of HMS four months later, suggesting that HMS had decomposed over time during sample storage. In contrast, the Singapore samples do not clearly show a decline in HMS concentration over two months of monitoring. Measurements from over 150 sites, primarily derived from the IMPROVE network across the United States, suggest the ubiquitous presence of HMS in at least trace amounts as much as 60 days after collection. The degree of possible HMS decomposition in the IMPROVE observations is unknown. Using the GEOS‐Chem chemical transport model, we estimate that HMS may account for 10% of global particulate sulfur in continental surface air and over 25% in many polluted regions. Our results suggest that reducing emissions of HCHO and other volatile organic compounds may have a co‐benefit of decreasing particulate sulfur.

ACS Style

Jonathan M. Moch; Eleni Dovrou; Loretta J. Mickley; Frank N. Keutsch; Zirui Liu; Yuesi Wang; Tracy Dombek; Mikinori Kuwata; Sri Hapsari Budisulistiorini; Liudongqing Yang; Stefano Decesari; Marco Paglione; Becky Alexander; Jingyuan Shao; J. William Munger; Daniel J. Jacob. Global Importance of Hydroxymethanesulfonate in Ambient Particulate Matter: Implications for Air Quality. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 2020, 125, 1 .

AMA Style

Jonathan M. Moch, Eleni Dovrou, Loretta J. Mickley, Frank N. Keutsch, Zirui Liu, Yuesi Wang, Tracy Dombek, Mikinori Kuwata, Sri Hapsari Budisulistiorini, Liudongqing Yang, Stefano Decesari, Marco Paglione, Becky Alexander, Jingyuan Shao, J. William Munger, Daniel J. Jacob. Global Importance of Hydroxymethanesulfonate in Ambient Particulate Matter: Implications for Air Quality. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2020; 125 (18):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jonathan M. Moch; Eleni Dovrou; Loretta J. Mickley; Frank N. Keutsch; Zirui Liu; Yuesi Wang; Tracy Dombek; Mikinori Kuwata; Sri Hapsari Budisulistiorini; Liudongqing Yang; Stefano Decesari; Marco Paglione; Becky Alexander; Jingyuan Shao; J. William Munger; Daniel J. Jacob. 2020. "Global Importance of Hydroxymethanesulfonate in Ambient Particulate Matter: Implications for Air Quality." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 125, no. 18: 1.

Article
Published: 04 August 2020 in Ecological Monographs
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How, where, and why carbon (C) moves into and out of an ecosystem through time are long‐standing questions in biogeochemistry. Here, we bring together hundreds of thousands of C‐cycle observations at the Harvard Forest in central Massachusetts, USA, a mid‐latitude landscape dominated by 80–120‐year‐old closed‐canopy forests. These data answered four questions: (i) where and how much C is presently stored in dominant forest types; (ii) what are current rates of C accrual and loss; (iii) what biotic and abiotic factors contribute to variability in these rates; and (iv) how has climate change affected the forest’s C cycle? Harvard Forest is an active C sink resulting from forest regrowth following land abandonment. Soil and tree biomass comprise nearly equal portions of existing C stocks. Net primary production (NPP) averaged 680–750 g C m‐2 yr‐1; belowground NPP contributed 38–47% of the total, but with large uncertainty. Mineral soil C measured in the same inventory plots in 1992 and 2013 were too heterogeneous to detect change in soil‐C pools; however, radiocarbon data suggest a small but persistent sink of 10–30 g C m‐2 yr‐1. Net ecosystem production (NEP) in hardwood stands averaged ~300 g C m‐2 yr‐1. NEP in hemlock‐dominated forests averaged ~450 g C m‐2 yr‐1 until infestation by the hemlock woolly adelgid turned these stands into a net C source. Since 2000, NPP has increased by 26%. For the period 1992–2015, NEP increased 93%. The increase in mean annual temperature and growing season length alone accounted for ~30% of the increase in productivity. Interannual variations in GPP and NEP were also correlated with increases in red oak biomass, forest leaf area, and canopy‐scale light‐use efficiency. Compared to long‐term global change experiments at the Harvard Forest, the C sink in regrowing biomass equaled or exceeded C cycle modifications imposed by soil warming, N saturation, and hemlock removal. Results of this synthesis and comparison to simulation models suggest that forests across the region are likely to accrue C for decades to come but may be disrupted if the frequency or severity of biotic and abiotic disturbances increase.

ACS Style

Adrien C. Finzi; Marc‐André Giasson; Audrey A. Barker Plotkin; John D. Aber; Emery R. Boose; Eric A. Davidson; Michael C. Dietze; Aaron M. Ellison; Serita D. Frey; Evan Goldman; Trevor F. Keenan; Jerry M. Melillo; J. William Munger; Knute J. Nadelhoffer; Scott V. Ollinger; David A. Orwig; Neil Pederson; Andrew D. Richardson; Kathleen Savage; Jianwu Tang; Jonathan R. Thompson; Christopher A. Williams; Steven C. Wofsy; Zaixing Zhou; David R. Foster. Carbon budget of the Harvard Forest Long‐Term Ecological Research site: pattern, process, and response to global change. Ecological Monographs 2020, 90, 1 .

AMA Style

Adrien C. Finzi, Marc‐André Giasson, Audrey A. Barker Plotkin, John D. Aber, Emery R. Boose, Eric A. Davidson, Michael C. Dietze, Aaron M. Ellison, Serita D. Frey, Evan Goldman, Trevor F. Keenan, Jerry M. Melillo, J. William Munger, Knute J. Nadelhoffer, Scott V. Ollinger, David A. Orwig, Neil Pederson, Andrew D. Richardson, Kathleen Savage, Jianwu Tang, Jonathan R. Thompson, Christopher A. Williams, Steven C. Wofsy, Zaixing Zhou, David R. Foster. Carbon budget of the Harvard Forest Long‐Term Ecological Research site: pattern, process, and response to global change. Ecological Monographs. 2020; 90 (4):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adrien C. Finzi; Marc‐André Giasson; Audrey A. Barker Plotkin; John D. Aber; Emery R. Boose; Eric A. Davidson; Michael C. Dietze; Aaron M. Ellison; Serita D. Frey; Evan Goldman; Trevor F. Keenan; Jerry M. Melillo; J. William Munger; Knute J. Nadelhoffer; Scott V. Ollinger; David A. Orwig; Neil Pederson; Andrew D. Richardson; Kathleen Savage; Jianwu Tang; Jonathan R. Thompson; Christopher A. Williams; Steven C. Wofsy; Zaixing Zhou; David R. Foster. 2020. "Carbon budget of the Harvard Forest Long‐Term Ecological Research site: pattern, process, and response to global change." Ecological Monographs 90, no. 4: 1.

Data descriptor
Published: 09 July 2020 in Scientific Data
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The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO2, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-filled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the first time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the first time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible.

ACS Style

Gilberto Pastorello; Carlo Trotta; Eleonora Canfora; Housen Chu; Danielle Christianson; You-Wei Cheah; Cristina Poindexter; Jiquan Chen; Abdelrahman Elbashandy; Marty Humphrey; Peter Isaac; Diego Polidori; Markus Reichstein; Alessio Ribeca; Catharine van Ingen; Nicolas Vuichard; Leiming Zhang; Brian Amiro; Christof Ammann; M. Altaf Arain; Jonas Ardö; Timothy Arkebauer; Stefan K. Arndt; Nicola Arriga; Marc Aubinet; Mika Aurela; Dennis Baldocchi; Alan Barr; Eric Beamesderfer; Luca Belelli Marchesini; Onil Bergeron; Jason Beringer; Christian Bernhofer; Daniel Berveiller; Dave Billesbach; Thomas Andrew Black; Peter D. Blanken; Gil Bohrer; Julia Boike; Paul V. Bolstad; Damien Bonal; Jean-Marc Bonnefond; David R. Bowling; Rosvel Bracho; Jason Brodeur; Christian Brümmer; Nina Buchmann; Benoit Burban; Sean P. Burns; Pauline Buysse; Peter Cale; Mauro Cavagna; Pierre Cellier; Shiping Chen; Isaac Chini; Torben R. Christensen; James Cleverly; Alessio Collalti; Claudia Consalvo; Bruce D. Cook; David Cook; Carole Coursolle; Edoardo Cremonese; Peter S. Curtis; Ettore D’Andrea; Humberto da Rocha; Xiaoqin Dai; Kenneth J. Davis; Bruno De Cinti; Agnes de Grandcourt; Anne De Ligne; Raimundo C. De Oliveira; Nicolas Delpierre; Ankur R. Desai; Carlos Marcelo Di Bella; Paul di Tommasi; Han Dolman; Francisco Domingo; Gang Dong; Sabina Dore; Pierpaolo Duce; Eric Dufrêne; Allison Dunn; Jiří Dušek; Derek Eamus; Uwe Eichelmann; Hatim Abdalla M. ElKhidir; Werner Eugster; Cacilia M. Ewenz; Brent Ewers; Daniela Famulari; Silvano Fares; Iris Feigenwinter; Andrew Feitz; Rasmus Fensholt; Gianluca Filippa; Marc Fischer; John Frank; Marta Galvagno; Mana Gharun; Damiano Gianelle; Bert Gielen; Beniamino Gioli; Anatoly Gitelson; Ignacio Goded; Mathias Goeckede; Allen H. Goldstein; Christopher M. Gough; Michael L. Goulden; Alexander Graf; Anne Griebel; Carsten Gruening; Thomas Grünwald; Albin Hammerle; Shijie Han; Xingguo Han; Birger Hansen; Chad Hanson; Juha Hatakka; Yongtao He; Markus Hehn; Bernard Heinesch; Nina Hinko-Najera; Lukas Hörtnagl; Lindsay Hutley; Andreas Ibrom; Hiroki Ikawa; Marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski; Dalibor Janouš; Wilma Jans; Rachhpal Jassal; Shicheng Jiang; Tomomichi Kato; Myroslava Khomik; Janina Klatt; Alexander Knohl; Sara Knox; Hideki Kobayashi; Georgia Koerber; Olaf Kolle; Yoshiko Kosugi; Ayumi Kotani; Andrew Kowalski; Bart Kruijt; Julia Kurbatova; Werner L. Kutsch; Hyojung Kwon; Samuli Launiainen; Tuomas Laurila; Bev Law; Ray Leuning; Yingnian Li; Michael Liddell; Jean-Marc Limousin; Marryanna Lion; Adam J. Liska; Annalea Lohila; Ana López-Ballesteros; Efrén López-Blanco; Benjamin Loubet; Denis Loustau; Antje Lucas-Moffat; Johannes Lüers; Siyan Ma; Craig Macfarlane; Vincenzo Magliulo; Regine Maier; Ivan Mammarella; Giovanni Manca; Barbara Marcolla; Hank A. Margolis; Serena Marras; William Massman; Mikhail Mastepanov; Roser Matamala; Jaclyn Hatala Matthes; Francesco Mazzenga; Harry McCaughey; Ian McHugh; Andrew M. S. McMillan; Lutz Merbold; Wayne Meyer; Tilden Meyers; Scott D. Miller; Stefano Minerbi; Uta Moderow; Russell K. Monson; Leonardo Montagnani; Caitlin E. Moore; Eddy Moors; Virginie Moreaux; Christine Moureaux; J. William Munger; Taro Nakai; Johan Neirynck; Zoran Nesic; Giacomo Nicolini; Asko Noormets; Matthew Northwood; Marcelo Nosetto; Yann Nouvellon; Kimberly Novick; Walter Oechel; Jørgen Eivind Olesen; Jean-Marc Ourcival; Shirley A. Papuga; Frans-Jan Parmentier; Eugenie Paul-Limoges; Marian Pavelka; Matthias Peichl; Elise Pendall; Richard P. Phillips; Kim Pilegaard; Norbert Pirk; Gabriela Posse; Thomas Powell; Heiko Prasse; Suzanne M. Prober; Serge Rambal; Üllar Rannik; Naama Raz-Yaseef; Corinna Rebmann; David Reed; Victor Resco de Dios; Natalia Restrepo-Coupe; Borja R. Reverter; Marilyn Roland; Simone Sabbatini; Torsten Sachs; Scott R. Saleska; Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete; Zulia M. Sanchez-Mejia; Hans Peter Schmid; Marius Schmidt; Karl Schneider; Frederik Schrader; Ivan Schroder; Russell L. Scott; Pavel Sedlák; Penélope Serrano-Ortíz; Changliang Shao; Peili Shi; Ivan Shironya; Lukas Siebicke; Ladislav Šigut; Richard Silberstein; Costantino Sirca; Donatella Spano; Rainer Steinbrecher; Robert M. Stevens; Cove Sturtevant; Andy Suyker; Torbern Tagesson; Satoru Takanashi; Yanhong Tang; Nigel Tapper; Jonathan Thom; Michele Tomassucci; Juha-Pekka Tuovinen; Shawn Urbanski; Riccardo Valentini; Michiel van der Molen; Eva van Gorsel; Ko van Huissteden; Andrej Varlagin; Joseph Verfaillie; Timo Vesala; Caroline Vincke; Domenico Vitale; Natalia Vygodskaya; Jeffrey P. Walker; Elizabeth Walter-Shea; Huimin Wang; Robin Weber; Sebastian Westermann; Christian Wille; Steven Wofsy; Georg Wohlfahrt; Sebastian Wolf; William Woodgate; Yuelin Li; Roberto Zampedri; Junhui Zhang; GuoYi Zhou; Donatella Zona; Deb Agarwal; Sebastien Biraud; Margaret Torn; Dario Papale. The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data. Scientific Data 2020, 7, 1 -27.

AMA Style

Gilberto Pastorello, Carlo Trotta, Eleonora Canfora, Housen Chu, Danielle Christianson, You-Wei Cheah, Cristina Poindexter, Jiquan Chen, Abdelrahman Elbashandy, Marty Humphrey, Peter Isaac, Diego Polidori, Markus Reichstein, Alessio Ribeca, Catharine van Ingen, Nicolas Vuichard, Leiming Zhang, Brian Amiro, Christof Ammann, M. Altaf Arain, Jonas Ardö, Timothy Arkebauer, Stefan K. Arndt, Nicola Arriga, Marc Aubinet, Mika Aurela, Dennis Baldocchi, Alan Barr, Eric Beamesderfer, Luca Belelli Marchesini, Onil Bergeron, Jason Beringer, Christian Bernhofer, Daniel Berveiller, Dave Billesbach, Thomas Andrew Black, Peter D. Blanken, Gil Bohrer, Julia Boike, Paul V. Bolstad, Damien Bonal, Jean-Marc Bonnefond, David R. Bowling, Rosvel Bracho, Jason Brodeur, Christian Brümmer, Nina Buchmann, Benoit Burban, Sean P. Burns, Pauline Buysse, Peter Cale, Mauro Cavagna, Pierre Cellier, Shiping Chen, Isaac Chini, Torben R. Christensen, James Cleverly, Alessio Collalti, Claudia Consalvo, Bruce D. Cook, David Cook, Carole Coursolle, Edoardo Cremonese, Peter S. Curtis, Ettore D’Andrea, Humberto da Rocha, Xiaoqin Dai, Kenneth J. Davis, Bruno De Cinti, Agnes de Grandcourt, Anne De Ligne, Raimundo C. De Oliveira, Nicolas Delpierre, Ankur R. Desai, Carlos Marcelo Di Bella, Paul di Tommasi, Han Dolman, Francisco Domingo, Gang Dong, Sabina Dore, Pierpaolo Duce, Eric Dufrêne, Allison Dunn, Jiří Dušek, Derek Eamus, Uwe Eichelmann, Hatim Abdalla M. ElKhidir, Werner Eugster, Cacilia M. Ewenz, Brent Ewers, Daniela Famulari, Silvano Fares, Iris Feigenwinter, Andrew Feitz, Rasmus Fensholt, Gianluca Filippa, Marc Fischer, John Frank, Marta Galvagno, Mana Gharun, Damiano Gianelle, Bert Gielen, Beniamino Gioli, Anatoly Gitelson, Ignacio Goded, Mathias Goeckede, Allen H. Goldstein, Christopher M. Gough, Michael L. Goulden, Alexander Graf, Anne Griebel, Carsten Gruening, Thomas Grünwald, Albin Hammerle, Shijie Han, Xingguo Han, Birger Hansen, Chad Hanson, Juha Hatakka, Yongtao He, Markus Hehn, Bernard Heinesch, Nina Hinko-Najera, Lukas Hörtnagl, Lindsay Hutley, Andreas Ibrom, Hiroki Ikawa, Marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski, Dalibor Janouš, Wilma Jans, Rachhpal Jassal, Shicheng Jiang, Tomomichi Kato, Myroslava Khomik, Janina Klatt, Alexander Knohl, Sara Knox, Hideki Kobayashi, Georgia Koerber, Olaf Kolle, Yoshiko Kosugi, Ayumi Kotani, Andrew Kowalski, Bart Kruijt, Julia Kurbatova, Werner L. Kutsch, Hyojung Kwon, Samuli Launiainen, Tuomas Laurila, Bev Law, Ray Leuning, Yingnian Li, Michael Liddell, Jean-Marc Limousin, Marryanna Lion, Adam J. Liska, Annalea Lohila, Ana López-Ballesteros, Efrén López-Blanco, Benjamin Loubet, Denis Loustau, Antje Lucas-Moffat, Johannes Lüers, Siyan Ma, Craig Macfarlane, Vincenzo Magliulo, Regine Maier, Ivan Mammarella, Giovanni Manca, Barbara Marcolla, Hank A. Margolis, Serena Marras, William Massman, Mikhail Mastepanov, Roser Matamala, Jaclyn Hatala Matthes, Francesco Mazzenga, Harry McCaughey, Ian McHugh, Andrew M. S. McMillan, Lutz Merbold, Wayne Meyer, Tilden Meyers, Scott D. Miller, Stefano Minerbi, Uta Moderow, Russell K. Monson, Leonardo Montagnani, Caitlin E. Moore, Eddy Moors, Virginie Moreaux, Christine Moureaux, J. William Munger, Taro Nakai, Johan Neirynck, Zoran Nesic, Giacomo Nicolini, Asko Noormets, Matthew Northwood, Marcelo Nosetto, Yann Nouvellon, Kimberly Novick, Walter Oechel, Jørgen Eivind Olesen, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Shirley A. Papuga, Frans-Jan Parmentier, Eugenie Paul-Limoges, Marian Pavelka, Matthias Peichl, Elise Pendall, Richard P. Phillips, Kim Pilegaard, Norbert Pirk, Gabriela Posse, Thomas Powell, Heiko Prasse, Suzanne M. Prober, Serge Rambal, Üllar Rannik, Naama Raz-Yaseef, Corinna Rebmann, David Reed, Victor Resco de Dios, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, Borja R. Reverter, Marilyn Roland, Simone Sabbatini, Torsten Sachs, Scott R. Saleska, Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete, Zulia M. Sanchez-Mejia, Hans Peter Schmid, Marius Schmidt, Karl Schneider, Frederik Schrader, Ivan Schroder, Russell L. Scott, Pavel Sedlák, Penélope Serrano-Ortíz, Changliang Shao, Peili Shi, Ivan Shironya, Lukas Siebicke, Ladislav Šigut, Richard Silberstein, Costantino Sirca, Donatella Spano, Rainer Steinbrecher, Robert M. Stevens, Cove Sturtevant, Andy Suyker, Torbern Tagesson, Satoru Takanashi, Yanhong Tang, Nigel Tapper, Jonathan Thom, Michele Tomassucci, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Shawn Urbanski, Riccardo Valentini, Michiel van der Molen, Eva van Gorsel, Ko van Huissteden, Andrej Varlagin, Joseph Verfaillie, Timo Vesala, Caroline Vincke, Domenico Vitale, Natalia Vygodskaya, Jeffrey P. Walker, Elizabeth Walter-Shea, Huimin Wang, Robin Weber, Sebastian Westermann, Christian Wille, Steven Wofsy, Georg Wohlfahrt, Sebastian Wolf, William Woodgate, Yuelin Li, Roberto Zampedri, Junhui Zhang, GuoYi Zhou, Donatella Zona, Deb Agarwal, Sebastien Biraud, Margaret Torn, Dario Papale. The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data. Scientific Data. 2020; 7 (1):1-27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gilberto Pastorello; Carlo Trotta; Eleonora Canfora; Housen Chu; Danielle Christianson; You-Wei Cheah; Cristina Poindexter; Jiquan Chen; Abdelrahman Elbashandy; Marty Humphrey; Peter Isaac; Diego Polidori; Markus Reichstein; Alessio Ribeca; Catharine van Ingen; Nicolas Vuichard; Leiming Zhang; Brian Amiro; Christof Ammann; M. Altaf Arain; Jonas Ardö; Timothy Arkebauer; Stefan K. Arndt; Nicola Arriga; Marc Aubinet; Mika Aurela; Dennis Baldocchi; Alan Barr; Eric Beamesderfer; Luca Belelli Marchesini; Onil Bergeron; Jason Beringer; Christian Bernhofer; Daniel Berveiller; Dave Billesbach; Thomas Andrew Black; Peter D. Blanken; Gil Bohrer; Julia Boike; Paul V. Bolstad; Damien Bonal; Jean-Marc Bonnefond; David R. Bowling; Rosvel Bracho; Jason Brodeur; Christian Brümmer; Nina Buchmann; Benoit Burban; Sean P. Burns; Pauline Buysse; Peter Cale; Mauro Cavagna; Pierre Cellier; Shiping Chen; Isaac Chini; Torben R. Christensen; James Cleverly; Alessio Collalti; Claudia Consalvo; Bruce D. Cook; David Cook; Carole Coursolle; Edoardo Cremonese; Peter S. Curtis; Ettore D’Andrea; Humberto da Rocha; Xiaoqin Dai; Kenneth J. Davis; Bruno De Cinti; Agnes de Grandcourt; Anne De Ligne; Raimundo C. De Oliveira; Nicolas Delpierre; Ankur R. Desai; Carlos Marcelo Di Bella; Paul di Tommasi; Han Dolman; Francisco Domingo; Gang Dong; Sabina Dore; Pierpaolo Duce; Eric Dufrêne; Allison Dunn; Jiří Dušek; Derek Eamus; Uwe Eichelmann; Hatim Abdalla M. ElKhidir; Werner Eugster; Cacilia M. Ewenz; Brent Ewers; Daniela Famulari; Silvano Fares; Iris Feigenwinter; Andrew Feitz; Rasmus Fensholt; Gianluca Filippa; Marc Fischer; John Frank; Marta Galvagno; Mana Gharun; Damiano Gianelle; Bert Gielen; Beniamino Gioli; Anatoly Gitelson; Ignacio Goded; Mathias Goeckede; Allen H. Goldstein; Christopher M. Gough; Michael L. Goulden; Alexander Graf; Anne Griebel; Carsten Gruening; Thomas Grünwald; Albin Hammerle; Shijie Han; Xingguo Han; Birger Hansen; Chad Hanson; Juha Hatakka; Yongtao He; Markus Hehn; Bernard Heinesch; Nina Hinko-Najera; Lukas Hörtnagl; Lindsay Hutley; Andreas Ibrom; Hiroki Ikawa; Marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski; Dalibor Janouš; Wilma Jans; Rachhpal Jassal; Shicheng Jiang; Tomomichi Kato; Myroslava Khomik; Janina Klatt; Alexander Knohl; Sara Knox; Hideki Kobayashi; Georgia Koerber; Olaf Kolle; Yoshiko Kosugi; Ayumi Kotani; Andrew Kowalski; Bart Kruijt; Julia Kurbatova; Werner L. Kutsch; Hyojung Kwon; Samuli Launiainen; Tuomas Laurila; Bev Law; Ray Leuning; Yingnian Li; Michael Liddell; Jean-Marc Limousin; Marryanna Lion; Adam J. Liska; Annalea Lohila; Ana López-Ballesteros; Efrén López-Blanco; Benjamin Loubet; Denis Loustau; Antje Lucas-Moffat; Johannes Lüers; Siyan Ma; Craig Macfarlane; Vincenzo Magliulo; Regine Maier; Ivan Mammarella; Giovanni Manca; Barbara Marcolla; Hank A. Margolis; Serena Marras; William Massman; Mikhail Mastepanov; Roser Matamala; Jaclyn Hatala Matthes; Francesco Mazzenga; Harry McCaughey; Ian McHugh; Andrew M. S. McMillan; Lutz Merbold; Wayne Meyer; Tilden Meyers; Scott D. Miller; Stefano Minerbi; Uta Moderow; Russell K. Monson; Leonardo Montagnani; Caitlin E. Moore; Eddy Moors; Virginie Moreaux; Christine Moureaux; J. William Munger; Taro Nakai; Johan Neirynck; Zoran Nesic; Giacomo Nicolini; Asko Noormets; Matthew Northwood; Marcelo Nosetto; Yann Nouvellon; Kimberly Novick; Walter Oechel; Jørgen Eivind Olesen; Jean-Marc Ourcival; Shirley A. Papuga; Frans-Jan Parmentier; Eugenie Paul-Limoges; Marian Pavelka; Matthias Peichl; Elise Pendall; Richard P. Phillips; Kim Pilegaard; Norbert Pirk; Gabriela Posse; Thomas Powell; Heiko Prasse; Suzanne M. Prober; Serge Rambal; Üllar Rannik; Naama Raz-Yaseef; Corinna Rebmann; David Reed; Victor Resco de Dios; Natalia Restrepo-Coupe; Borja R. Reverter; Marilyn Roland; Simone Sabbatini; Torsten Sachs; Scott R. Saleska; Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete; Zulia M. Sanchez-Mejia; Hans Peter Schmid; Marius Schmidt; Karl Schneider; Frederik Schrader; Ivan Schroder; Russell L. Scott; Pavel Sedlák; Penélope Serrano-Ortíz; Changliang Shao; Peili Shi; Ivan Shironya; Lukas Siebicke; Ladislav Šigut; Richard Silberstein; Costantino Sirca; Donatella Spano; Rainer Steinbrecher; Robert M. Stevens; Cove Sturtevant; Andy Suyker; Torbern Tagesson; Satoru Takanashi; Yanhong Tang; Nigel Tapper; Jonathan Thom; Michele Tomassucci; Juha-Pekka Tuovinen; Shawn Urbanski; Riccardo Valentini; Michiel van der Molen; Eva van Gorsel; Ko van Huissteden; Andrej Varlagin; Joseph Verfaillie; Timo Vesala; Caroline Vincke; Domenico Vitale; Natalia Vygodskaya; Jeffrey P. Walker; Elizabeth Walter-Shea; Huimin Wang; Robin Weber; Sebastian Westermann; Christian Wille; Steven Wofsy; Georg Wohlfahrt; Sebastian Wolf; William Woodgate; Yuelin Li; Roberto Zampedri; Junhui Zhang; GuoYi Zhou; Donatella Zona; Deb Agarwal; Sebastien Biraud; Margaret Torn; Dario Papale. 2020. "The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data." Scientific Data 7, no. 1: 1-27.

Journal article
Published: 22 April 2020 in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
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Identifying the contributions of chemistry and transport to observed ozone pollution using regional‐to‐global models relies on accurate representation of ozone dry deposition. We use a recently developed configuration of the NOAA GFDL chemistry‐climate model ‐‐ in which the atmosphere and land are coupled through dry deposition ‐‐ to investigate the influence of ozone dry deposition on ozone pollution over northern mid‐latitudes. In our model, deposition pathways are tied to dynamic terrestrial processes, such as photosynthesis and water cycling through the canopy and soil. Small increases in winter deposition due to more process‐based representation of snow and deposition to surfaces reduce hemispheric‐scale ozone through the lower troposphere by 5‐12 ppb, improving agreement with observations relative to a simulation with the standard configuration for ozone dry deposition. Declining snow cover by the end of the 21st century tempers the previously identified influence of rising methane on winter ozone. Dynamic dry deposition changes summer surface ozone by ‐4 to +7 ppb. While previous studies emphasize the importance of uptake by plant stomata, new diagnostic tracking of depositional pathways reveals a widespread impact of nonstomatal deposition on ozone pollution. Daily variability in both stomatal and nonstomatal deposition contribute to daily variability in ozone pollution. 21st‐century changes in summer deposition result from a balance among changes in individual pathways, reflecting differing responses to both high carbon dioxide (through plant physiology versus biomass accumulation) and water availability. Our findings highlight a need for constraints on the processes driving ozone dry deposition to test representation in regional‐to‐global models.

ACS Style

O. E. Clifton; F. Paulot; A. M. Fiore; L. W. Horowitz; G. Correa; Colleen Baublitz; S. Fares; I. Goded; A. H. Goldstein; C. Gruening; A. J. Hogg; B. Loubet; I. Mammarella; J. W. Munger; L. Neil; P. Stella; J. Uddling; T. Vesala; E. Weng. Influence of Dynamic Ozone Dry Deposition on Ozone Pollution. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 2020, 125, 1 .

AMA Style

O. E. Clifton, F. Paulot, A. M. Fiore, L. W. Horowitz, G. Correa, Colleen Baublitz, S. Fares, I. Goded, A. H. Goldstein, C. Gruening, A. J. Hogg, B. Loubet, I. Mammarella, J. W. Munger, L. Neil, P. Stella, J. Uddling, T. Vesala, E. Weng. Influence of Dynamic Ozone Dry Deposition on Ozone Pollution. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2020; 125 (8):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

O. E. Clifton; F. Paulot; A. M. Fiore; L. W. Horowitz; G. Correa; Colleen Baublitz; S. Fares; I. Goded; A. H. Goldstein; C. Gruening; A. J. Hogg; B. Loubet; I. Mammarella; J. W. Munger; L. Neil; P. Stella; J. Uddling; T. Vesala; E. Weng. 2020. "Influence of Dynamic Ozone Dry Deposition on Ozone Pollution." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 125, no. 8: 1.

Journal article
Published: 20 April 2020 in Water Resources Research
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The ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) was launched to the International Space Station on 29 June 2018 by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The primary science focus of ECOSTRESS is centered on evapotranspiration (ET), which is produced as Level‐3 (L3) latent heat flux (LE) data products. These data are generated from the Level‐2 land surface temperature and emissivity product (L2_LSTE), in conjunction with ancillary surface and atmospheric data. Here, we provide the first validation (Stage 1, preliminary) of the global ECOSTRESS clear‐sky ET product (L3_ET_PT‐JPL, Version 6.0) against LE measurements at 82 eddy covariance sites around the world. Overall, the ECOSTRESS ET product performs well against the site measurements (clear‐sky instantaneous/time of overpass: r2 = 0.88; overall bias = 8%; normalized root‐mean‐square error, RMSE = 6%). ET uncertainty was generally consistent across climate zones, biome types, and times of day (ECOSTRESS samples the diurnal cycle), though temperate sites are overrepresented. The 70‐m‐high spatial resolution of ECOSTRESS improved correlations by 85%, and RMSE by 62%, relative to 1‐km pixels. This paper serves as a reference for the ECOSTRESS L3 ET accuracy and Stage 1 validation status for subsequent science that follows using these data.

ACS Style

Joshua B. Fisher; Brian Lee; Adam J. Purdy; Gregory H. Halverson; Matthew B. Dohlen; Kerry Cawse‐Nicholson; Audrey Wang; Ray G. Anderson; Bruno Aragon; M. Altaf Arain; Dennis D. Baldocchi; John M. Baker; Hélène Barral; Carl J. Bernacchi; Christian Bernhofer; Sébastien C. Biraud; Gil Bohrer; Nathaniel Brunsell; Bernard Cappelaere; Saulo Castro‐Contreras; Junghwa Chun; Bryan J. Conrad; Edoardo Cremonese; Jérôme Demarty; Ankur R. Desai; Anne De Ligne; Lenka Foltýnová; Michael L. Goulden; Timothy J. Griffis; Thomas Grünwald; Mark S. Johnson; Minseok Kang; Dave Kelbe; Natalia Kowalska; Jong‐Hwan Lim; Ibrahim Maïnassara; Matthew McCabe; Justine E.C. Missik; Binayak P. Mohanty; Caitlin E. Moore; Laura Morillas; Ross Morrison; J. William Munger; Gabriela Posse; Andrew D. Richardson; Eric S. Russell; Youngryel Ryu; Arturo Sanchez‐Azofeifa; Marius Schmidt; Efrat Schwartz; Iain Sharp; Ladislav Šigut; Yao Tang; Glynn Hulley; Martha Anderson; Christopher Hain; Andrew French; Eric Wood; Simon Hook. ECOSTRESS: NASA's Next Generation Mission to Measure Evapotranspiration From the International Space Station. Water Resources Research 2020, 56, 1 .

AMA Style

Joshua B. Fisher, Brian Lee, Adam J. Purdy, Gregory H. Halverson, Matthew B. Dohlen, Kerry Cawse‐Nicholson, Audrey Wang, Ray G. Anderson, Bruno Aragon, M. Altaf Arain, Dennis D. Baldocchi, John M. Baker, Hélène Barral, Carl J. Bernacchi, Christian Bernhofer, Sébastien C. Biraud, Gil Bohrer, Nathaniel Brunsell, Bernard Cappelaere, Saulo Castro‐Contreras, Junghwa Chun, Bryan J. Conrad, Edoardo Cremonese, Jérôme Demarty, Ankur R. Desai, Anne De Ligne, Lenka Foltýnová, Michael L. Goulden, Timothy J. Griffis, Thomas Grünwald, Mark S. Johnson, Minseok Kang, Dave Kelbe, Natalia Kowalska, Jong‐Hwan Lim, Ibrahim Maïnassara, Matthew McCabe, Justine E.C. Missik, Binayak P. Mohanty, Caitlin E. Moore, Laura Morillas, Ross Morrison, J. William Munger, Gabriela Posse, Andrew D. Richardson, Eric S. Russell, Youngryel Ryu, Arturo Sanchez‐Azofeifa, Marius Schmidt, Efrat Schwartz, Iain Sharp, Ladislav Šigut, Yao Tang, Glynn Hulley, Martha Anderson, Christopher Hain, Andrew French, Eric Wood, Simon Hook. ECOSTRESS: NASA's Next Generation Mission to Measure Evapotranspiration From the International Space Station. Water Resources Research. 2020; 56 (4):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joshua B. Fisher; Brian Lee; Adam J. Purdy; Gregory H. Halverson; Matthew B. Dohlen; Kerry Cawse‐Nicholson; Audrey Wang; Ray G. Anderson; Bruno Aragon; M. Altaf Arain; Dennis D. Baldocchi; John M. Baker; Hélène Barral; Carl J. Bernacchi; Christian Bernhofer; Sébastien C. Biraud; Gil Bohrer; Nathaniel Brunsell; Bernard Cappelaere; Saulo Castro‐Contreras; Junghwa Chun; Bryan J. Conrad; Edoardo Cremonese; Jérôme Demarty; Ankur R. Desai; Anne De Ligne; Lenka Foltýnová; Michael L. Goulden; Timothy J. Griffis; Thomas Grünwald; Mark S. Johnson; Minseok Kang; Dave Kelbe; Natalia Kowalska; Jong‐Hwan Lim; Ibrahim Maïnassara; Matthew McCabe; Justine E.C. Missik; Binayak P. Mohanty; Caitlin E. Moore; Laura Morillas; Ross Morrison; J. William Munger; Gabriela Posse; Andrew D. Richardson; Eric S. Russell; Youngryel Ryu; Arturo Sanchez‐Azofeifa; Marius Schmidt; Efrat Schwartz; Iain Sharp; Ladislav Šigut; Yao Tang; Glynn Hulley; Martha Anderson; Christopher Hain; Andrew French; Eric Wood; Simon Hook. 2020. "ECOSTRESS: NASA's Next Generation Mission to Measure Evapotranspiration From the International Space Station." Water Resources Research 56, no. 4: 1.

Journal article
Published: 25 March 2020 in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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China has pledged reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) by 60 %–65 % relative to 2005 levels, and to peak carbon emissions overall by 2030. However, the lack of observational data and disagreement among the many available inventories makes it difficult for China to track progress toward these goals and evaluate the efficacy of control measures. To demonstrate the value of atmospheric observations for constraining CO2 inventories we track the ability of CO2 concentrations predicted from three different CO2 inventories to match a unique multi-year continuous record of atmospheric CO2. Our analysis time window includes the key commitment period for the Paris Agreement (2005) and the Beijing Olympics (2008). One inventory is China-specific and two are spatial subsets of global inventories. The inventories differ in spatial resolution, basis in national or subnational statistics, and reliance on global or China-specific emission factors. We use a unique set of historical atmospheric observations from 2005 to 2009 to evaluate the three CO2 emissions inventories within China's heavily industrialized and populated northern region accounting for ∼33 %–41 % of national emissions. Each anthropogenic inventory is combined with estimates of biogenic CO2 within a high-resolution atmospheric transport framework to model the time series of CO2 observations. To convert the model–observation mismatch from mixing ratio to mass emission rates we distribute it over a region encompassing 90 % of the total surface influence in seasonal (annual) averaged back-trajectory footprints (L_0.90 region). The L_0.90 region roughly corresponds to northern China. Except for the peak growing season, where assessment of anthropogenic emissions is entangled with the strong vegetation signal, we find the China-specific inventory based on subnational data and domestic field studies agrees significantly better with observations than the global inventories at all timescales. Averaged over the study time period, the unscaled China-specific inventory reports substantially larger annual emissions for northern China (30 %) and China as a whole (20 %) than the two unscaled global inventories. Our results, exploiting a robust time series of continuous observations, lend support to the rates and geographic distribution in the China-specific inventory Though even long-term observations at a single site reveal differences among inventories, exploring inventory discrepancy over all of China requires a denser observational network in future efforts to measure and verify CO2 emissions for China both regionally and nationally. We find that carbon intensity in the northern China region has decreased by 47 % from 2005 to 2009, from approximately 4 kg of CO2 per USD (note that all references to USD in this paper refer to USD adjusted for purchasing power parity, PPP) in 2005 to about 2 kg of CO2 per USD in 2009 (Fig. 9c). However, the corresponding 18 % increase in absolute emissions over the same time period affirms a critical point that carbon intensity targets in emerging economies can be at odds with making real climate progress. Our results provide an important quantification of model–observation mismatch, supporting the increased use and development of China-specific inventories in tracking China's progress as a whole towards reducing emissions. We emphasize that this work presents a methodology for extending the analysis to other inventories and is intended to be a comparison of a subset of anthropogenic CO2 emissions rates from inventories that were readily available at the time this research began. For this study's analysis time period, there was not enough spatially distinct observational data to conduct an optimization of the inventories. The primary intent of the comparisons presented here is not to judge specific inventories, but to demonstrate that even a single site with a long record of high-time-resolution observations can identify major differences among inventories that manifest as biases in the model–data comparison. This study provides a baseline analysis for evaluating emissions from a small but important region within China, as well a guide for determining optimal locations for future ground-based measurement sites.

ACS Style

Archana Dayalu; J. William Munger; Yuxuan Wang; Steven C. Wofsy; Yu Zhao; Thomas Nehrkorn; Chris Nielsen; Michael B. McElroy; Rachel Chang. Evaluating China's anthropogenic CO2 emissions inventories: a northern China case study using continuous surface observations from 2005 to 2009. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2020, 20, 3569 -3588.

AMA Style

Archana Dayalu, J. William Munger, Yuxuan Wang, Steven C. Wofsy, Yu Zhao, Thomas Nehrkorn, Chris Nielsen, Michael B. McElroy, Rachel Chang. Evaluating China's anthropogenic CO2 emissions inventories: a northern China case study using continuous surface observations from 2005 to 2009. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2020; 20 (6):3569-3588.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Archana Dayalu; J. William Munger; Yuxuan Wang; Steven C. Wofsy; Yu Zhao; Thomas Nehrkorn; Chris Nielsen; Michael B. McElroy; Rachel Chang. 2020. "Evaluating China's anthropogenic CO2 emissions inventories: a northern China case study using continuous surface observations from 2005 to 2009." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 6: 3569-3588.

Preprint content
Published: 23 March 2020
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CO2 and CH4 are radiatively important trace gases closely associated with human activity particularly in urban emission hotspots. Through rapid development and economic growth China has become a major source of CO2. CO2 emission inventories for China are becoming increasingly accurate. CH4 emissions in China are not as well characterized, though for various reasons, including; Chinese policies mandating conversion from coal to natural gas for district heating, intensification of agriculture, and the large volumes of urban waste that must be managed, it is likely CH4 emissions from Chinese urban centers could be significant. As part of an ongoing Tsinghua – Harvard collaboration we have set up a pair of atmospheric observatories to the north and south of Beijing. The northern site (Miyun) is 75km NNE and the southern site, Dashiwo, is 63 km SSW of the center of Beijing. Miyun has been in semi continuous operation since 2005. Miyun was located to sample Beijing urban outflow as well as clean airmasses depending on wind direction. Dashiwo is located primarily to capture the polluted air coming into Beijing from Hebei province, though it will also be influenced at times by cleaner airmasses coming over the mountains on the western edge of the basin. The high accuracy and precision measurements of CO2 and CH4 that are the focus of this presentation started in May 2018. Observations at Dahsiwo started in November 2019.For this presentation we focus on quantifying the magnitudes of CO2 and CH4 in urban-influenced air masses and their enhancements relative to clean background air. The correlations between CO2 and CH4 and their relationships to other air pollutant tracers including SO2, NOx/NOy, and CO provide constraints on potential sources for these gases. Through back trajectory analysis the source regions can be distinguished. As expected, both sites have enhanced mixing ratios of CO2 and CH4. Median CO2 during the overlapping period Nov. Dec. 2019 is 430, and 459 ppm at Miyun and Dashiwo. Median CH4 is 2036 and 2228 ppb. Outside the growing season when CO2 is influenced by vegetation uptake the CH4:CO2 ratio is 6.1 ppb:ppm. The Dashiwo data are bounded by the same slope, but have more scatter due to periods with elevated CH4 but not CO2. A tight correlation for CO2 and CH4 at Miyun suggests a single predominant combustion or respiration source type, while variability in the Dashiwo observations suggests multiple sources including some rich in CH4 that are not combustion or respiration. Identification of major CH4 sources is a starting point for choosing mitigation options.

ACS Style

J. William Munger; Shuxiao Wang; Chris Nielsen; Michael B. McElroy. CO2 and CH4 observations surrounding Beijing to to distinguish possible emission processes and locations. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

J. William Munger, Shuxiao Wang, Chris Nielsen, Michael B. McElroy. CO2 and CH4 observations surrounding Beijing to to distinguish possible emission processes and locations. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. William Munger; Shuxiao Wang; Chris Nielsen; Michael B. McElroy. 2020. "CO2 and CH4 observations surrounding Beijing to to distinguish possible emission processes and locations." , no. : 1.

Review article
Published: 10 March 2020 in Reviews of Geophysics
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Dry deposition of ozone is an important sink of ozone in near‐surface air. When dry deposition occurs through plant stomata, ozone can injure the plant, altering water and carbon cycling and reducing crop yields. Quantifying both stomatal and nonstomatal uptake accurately is relevant for understanding ozone's impact on human health as an air pollutant and on climate as a potent short‐lived greenhouse gas and primary control on the removal of several reactive greenhouse gases and air pollutants. Robust ozone dry deposition estimates require knowledge of the relative importance of individual deposition pathways, but spatiotemporal variability in nonstomatal deposition is poorly understood. Here we integrate understanding of ozone deposition processes by synthesizing research from fields such as atmospheric chemistry, ecology, and meteorology. We critically review methods for measurements and modeling, highlighting the empiricism that underpins modeling and thus the interpretation of observations. Our unprecedented synthesis of knowledge on deposition pathways, particularly soil and leaf cuticles, reveals process understanding not yet included in widely used models. If coordinated with short‐term field intensives, laboratory studies, and mechanistic modeling, measurements from a few long‐term sites would bridge the molecular to ecosystem scales necessary to establish the relative importance of individual deposition pathways and the extent to which they vary in space and time. Our recommended approaches seek to close knowledge gaps that currently limit quantifying the impact of ozone dry deposition on air quality, ecosystems, and climate.

ACS Style

Olivia E. Clifton; Arlene M. Fiore; William J. Massman; Colleen B. Baublitz; Mhairi Coyle; Lisa Emberson; Silvano Fares; Delphine K. Farmer; Pierre Gentine; Giacomo Gerosa; Alex B. Guenther; Detlev Helmig; Danica L. Lombardozzi; J. William Munger; Edward G. Patton; Sally E. Pusede; Donna B. Schwede; Sam J. Silva; Matthias Sörgel; Allison L. Steiner; Amos P. K. Tai. Dry Deposition of Ozone Over Land: Processes, Measurement, and Modeling. Reviews of Geophysics 2020, 58, 1 .

AMA Style

Olivia E. Clifton, Arlene M. Fiore, William J. Massman, Colleen B. Baublitz, Mhairi Coyle, Lisa Emberson, Silvano Fares, Delphine K. Farmer, Pierre Gentine, Giacomo Gerosa, Alex B. Guenther, Detlev Helmig, Danica L. Lombardozzi, J. William Munger, Edward G. Patton, Sally E. Pusede, Donna B. Schwede, Sam J. Silva, Matthias Sörgel, Allison L. Steiner, Amos P. K. Tai. Dry Deposition of Ozone Over Land: Processes, Measurement, and Modeling. Reviews of Geophysics. 2020; 58 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Olivia E. Clifton; Arlene M. Fiore; William J. Massman; Colleen B. Baublitz; Mhairi Coyle; Lisa Emberson; Silvano Fares; Delphine K. Farmer; Pierre Gentine; Giacomo Gerosa; Alex B. Guenther; Detlev Helmig; Danica L. Lombardozzi; J. William Munger; Edward G. Patton; Sally E. Pusede; Donna B. Schwede; Sam J. Silva; Matthias Sörgel; Allison L. Steiner; Amos P. K. Tai. 2020. "Dry Deposition of Ozone Over Land: Processes, Measurement, and Modeling." Reviews of Geophysics 58, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 20 February 2020 in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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High latitude boreal forests are experiencing dramatic changes in climate and hydrology. It is not clear how boreal forests will adapt to hydrological change or how stable they will be to extreme climate fluctuations and shifts in ecosystem water availability (EWA; residuals between precipitation and evapotranspiration). Although there have been numerous studies in North American and European boreal forests, the Siberian boreal region is underrepresented. Moreover, Siberia is dominated by deciduous conifers (larch) that may have different response to shifting hydrology than boreal evergreens do. We observed evapotranspiration (ET) by eddy covariance technique and transpiration (T) by sap-flow probes on a subsample of trees within the flux-tower footprint through two growing seasons in a larch forest in northernmost China. Ecosystems at the margins of their zone could be amongst the first to experience significant shifts in structure and function. At this site there have already been signs of permafrost degradation and more frequent temperature and precipitation anomalies. The canopy-dominant larch accounted for half the total T fluxes. The remaining 50% was distributed evenly among intermediate and suppressed trees. T is the dominant subcomponent in ET, where overall T/ET varies of 66%–84% depending on precipitation patterns. In dormant and early growing seasons, T still constitutes a majority of ET even though the canopy foliage is not fully developed because cold soil creates a negative soil to air vapor pressure gradient that impedes evaporation. However, in the peak growing season, excess precipitation reduces T while providing sufficient wetness for surface evaporation. ET from standard data product based on MODIS satellite reflectance underestimates tower ET by 17%–29%. Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence measured by satellite is well correlated with tower ET (r2 = 0.69–0.73) and could provide a better basis for regional ET extrapolations. A global comparison of data for 2000–2018 period reveals that boreal forests not only have the smallest annual MODIS ET but also the least EWA compared to temperate and tropical forests. Also, even though boreal deciduous and evergreens have comparable annual ET, their T/ET and EWA are distinct. This work highlights how short-term precipitation extremes may shift ecosystem function and structure by changing EWA through exported runoff. Sites along boreal ecotones are critical to observe for signs of shifts in their structure, function, and response to climate anomalies.

ACS Style

Jialin Liu; Fangyan Cheng; William Munger; Peng Jiang; Timothy Whitby; Siyue Chen; Weiwen Ji; Xiuling Man. Precipitation extremes influence patterns and partitioning of evapotranspiration and transpiration in a deciduous boreal larch forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2020, 287, 107936 .

AMA Style

Jialin Liu, Fangyan Cheng, William Munger, Peng Jiang, Timothy Whitby, Siyue Chen, Weiwen Ji, Xiuling Man. Precipitation extremes influence patterns and partitioning of evapotranspiration and transpiration in a deciduous boreal larch forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2020; 287 ():107936.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jialin Liu; Fangyan Cheng; William Munger; Peng Jiang; Timothy Whitby; Siyue Chen; Weiwen Ji; Xiuling Man. 2020. "Precipitation extremes influence patterns and partitioning of evapotranspiration and transpiration in a deciduous boreal larch forest." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 287, no. : 107936.

Preprint content
Published: 12 September 2019 in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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China has pledged reduction of carbon dioxide emissions per unit GDP by 60–65 % relative to 2005 levels, and to peak carbon emissions overall by 2030. However, disagreement among available inventories makes it difficult for China to track progress toward these goals and evaluate the efficacy of control measures. In this study, we demonstrate an approach based on a long time series of surface CO2 observations to evaluate regional CO2 emissions rates in northern China estimated by three anthropogenic CO2 inventories – two of which are subsets from global inventories, and one of which is China-specific. Comparison of CO2 observations to CO2 predicted from accounting for global background concentration and atmospheric mixing of emissions suggests potential biases in the inventories. The period analyzed focuses on the key commitment period for the Paris accords (2005) and the Beijing Olympics (2008). Model-observation mismatch in concentration units is translated to mass units and is displayed against the original inventories in the measurement influence region, largely corresponding to northern China. Owing to limitations from having a single site, addressing the significant uncertainty stemming from transport error and error in spatial allocation of the emissions remains a challenge. Our analysis uses observations to support and justify increased use and development of China-specific inventories in tracking China's progress as a whole towards reducing emissions. Here we are restricted to a single measurement site; effectively evaluating and constraining inventories at relevant spatial scales requires multiple stations of high-temporal resolution observations. At this stage and with observational data limitations, we emphasize that this work is intended to be a comparison of a subset of anthropogenic CO2 emissions rates from inventories that were readily available at the time this research began. For this study's analysis time period, there was not enough spatially distinct observational data to conduct an optimization of the inventories. Rather, our analysis provides an important quantification of model-observation mismatch. In the northern China evaluation region, emission rates from the China-specific inventory produce the lowest model-observation mismatch at all timescales from daily to annual. Additionally, we note that averaged over the study time period, the unscaled China-specific inventory has substantially larger annual emissions for China as a whole (20 % higher) and the northern China evaluation region (30 %) than the unscaled global inventories. Our results lend support the rates and geographic distribution in the China-specific inventory. However, exploring this discrepancy for China as a whole requires a denser observational network in future efforts to measure and verify CO2 emissions for China both regionally and nationally. This study provides a baseline analysis for a small but import region within China, as well a guide for determining optimal locations for future ground-based measurement sites.

ACS Style

Archana Dayalu; J. William Munger; Yuxuan Wang; Steven C. Wofsy; Yu Zhao; Thomas Nehrkorn; Chris Nielsen; Michael B. McElroy; Rachel Chang. Carbon dioxide emissions in Northern China based on atmospheric observations from 2005 to 2009. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Archana Dayalu, J. William Munger, Yuxuan Wang, Steven C. Wofsy, Yu Zhao, Thomas Nehrkorn, Chris Nielsen, Michael B. McElroy, Rachel Chang. Carbon dioxide emissions in Northern China based on atmospheric observations from 2005 to 2009. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Archana Dayalu; J. William Munger; Yuxuan Wang; Steven C. Wofsy; Yu Zhao; Thomas Nehrkorn; Chris Nielsen; Michael B. McElroy; Rachel Chang. 2019. "Carbon dioxide emissions in Northern China based on atmospheric observations from 2005 to 2009." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 12 September 2019
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ACS Style

Archana Dayalu; J. William Munger; Yuxuan Wang; Steven C. Wofsy; Yu Zhao; Thomas Nehrkorn; Chris Nielsen; Michael B. McElroy; Rachel Chang. Supplementary material to "Carbon dioxide emissions in Northern China based on atmospheric observations from 2005 to 2009". 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Archana Dayalu, J. William Munger, Yuxuan Wang, Steven C. Wofsy, Yu Zhao, Thomas Nehrkorn, Chris Nielsen, Michael B. McElroy, Rachel Chang. Supplementary material to "Carbon dioxide emissions in Northern China based on atmospheric observations from 2005 to 2009". . 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Archana Dayalu; J. William Munger; Yuxuan Wang; Steven C. Wofsy; Yu Zhao; Thomas Nehrkorn; Chris Nielsen; Michael B. McElroy; Rachel Chang. 2019. "Supplementary material to "Carbon dioxide emissions in Northern China based on atmospheric observations from 2005 to 2009"." , no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 05 August 2019 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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Multiple lines of evidence suggest that plant water-use efficiency (WUE)—the ratio of carbon assimilation to water loss—has increased in recent decades. Although rising atmospheric CO2 has been proposed as the principal cause, the underlying physiological mechanisms are still being debated, and implications for the global water cycle remain uncertain. Here, we addressed this gap using 30-y tree ring records of carbon and oxygen isotope measurements and basal area increment from 12 species in 8 North American mature temperate forests. Our goal was to separate the contributions of enhanced photosynthesis and reduced stomatal conductance to WUE trends and to assess consistency between multiple commonly used methods for estimating WUE. Our results show that tree ring-derived estimates of increases in WUE are consistent with estimates from atmospheric measurements and predictions based on an optimal balancing of carbon gains and water costs, but are lower than those based on ecosystem-scale flux observations. Although both physiological mechanisms contributed to rising WUE, enhanced photosynthesis was widespread, while reductions in stomatal conductance were modest and restricted to species that experienced moisture limitations. This finding challenges the hypothesis that rising WUE in forests is primarily the result of widespread, CO2-induced reductions in stomatal conductance.

ACS Style

Rossella Guerrieri; Soumaya Belmecheri; Scott V. Ollinger; Heidi Asbjornsen; Katie Jennings; Jingfeng Xiao; Benjamin D. Stocker; Mary Martin; David Y. Hollinger; Rosvel Bracho-Garrillo; Kenneth Clark; Sabina Dore; Thomas Kolb; J. William Munger; Kimberly Novick; Andrew D. Richardson. Disentangling the role of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance on rising forest water-use efficiency. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2019, 116, 16909 -16914.

AMA Style

Rossella Guerrieri, Soumaya Belmecheri, Scott V. Ollinger, Heidi Asbjornsen, Katie Jennings, Jingfeng Xiao, Benjamin D. Stocker, Mary Martin, David Y. Hollinger, Rosvel Bracho-Garrillo, Kenneth Clark, Sabina Dore, Thomas Kolb, J. William Munger, Kimberly Novick, Andrew D. Richardson. Disentangling the role of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance on rising forest water-use efficiency. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2019; 116 (34):16909-16914.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rossella Guerrieri; Soumaya Belmecheri; Scott V. Ollinger; Heidi Asbjornsen; Katie Jennings; Jingfeng Xiao; Benjamin D. Stocker; Mary Martin; David Y. Hollinger; Rosvel Bracho-Garrillo; Kenneth Clark; Sabina Dore; Thomas Kolb; J. William Munger; Kimberly Novick; Andrew D. Richardson. 2019. "Disentangling the role of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance on rising forest water-use efficiency." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 34: 16909-16914.

Journal article
Published: 10 July 2019 in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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Measurements of atmospheric O2 have been used to quantify large-scale fluxes of carbon between the oceans, atmosphere and land since 1992 (Keeling and Shertz, 1992). With time, datasets have grown and estimates of fluxes have become more precise, but a key uncertainty in these calculations is the exchange ratio of O2 and CO2 associated with the net land carbon sink (αB). We present measurements of atmospheric O2 and CO2 collected over a 6-year period from a mixed deciduous forest in central Massachusetts, USA (42.537∘ N, 72.171∘ W). Using a differential fuel-cell-based instrument for O2 and a nondispersive infrared analyzer for CO2, we analyzed airstreams collected within and ∼5 m above the forest canopy. Averaged over the entire period of record, we find these two species covary with a slope of -1.081±0.007 mol of O2 per mole of CO2 (the mean and standard error of 6 h periods). If we limit the data to values collected on summer days within the canopy, the slope is -1.03±0.01. These are the conditions in which biotic influences are most likely to dominate. This result is significantly different from the value of −1.1 widely used in O2-based calculations of the global carbon budget, suggesting the need for a deeper understanding of the exchange ratios of the various fluxes and pools comprising the net sink.

ACS Style

Mark O. Battle; J. William Munger; Margaret Conley; Eric Sofen; Rebecca Perry; Ryan Hart; Zane Davis; Jacob Scheckman; Jayme Woogerd; Karina Graeter; Samuel Seekins; Sasha David; John Carpenter. Atmospheric measurements of the terrestrial O2 : CO2 exchange ratio of a midlatitude forest. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2019, 19, 8687 -8701.

AMA Style

Mark O. Battle, J. William Munger, Margaret Conley, Eric Sofen, Rebecca Perry, Ryan Hart, Zane Davis, Jacob Scheckman, Jayme Woogerd, Karina Graeter, Samuel Seekins, Sasha David, John Carpenter. Atmospheric measurements of the terrestrial O2 : CO2 exchange ratio of a midlatitude forest. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2019; 19 (13):8687-8701.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mark O. Battle; J. William Munger; Margaret Conley; Eric Sofen; Rebecca Perry; Ryan Hart; Zane Davis; Jacob Scheckman; Jayme Woogerd; Karina Graeter; Samuel Seekins; Sasha David; John Carpenter. 2019. "Atmospheric measurements of the terrestrial O2 : CO2 exchange ratio of a midlatitude forest." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 13: 8687-8701.

Journal article
Published: 27 May 2019 in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
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Spatiotemporal variability in ozone dry deposition is often overlooked despite its implications for interpreting and modeling tropospheric ozone concentrations accurately. Understanding the influences of stomatal versus nonstomatal deposition processes on ozone deposition velocity is important for attributing observed changes in the ozone depositional sink and associated damage to ecosystems. Here, we aim to identify the stomatal versus nonstomatal deposition processes driving observed variability in ozone deposition velocity over the northeastern United States during June–September. We use ozone eddy covariance measurements from Harvard Forest in Massachusetts, which span a decade, and from Kane Experimental Forest in Pennsylvania and Sand Flats State Forest in New York, which span one growing season each, along with observation‐driven modeling. Using a cumulative precipitation indicator of soil wetness, we infer that high soil uptake during dry years and low soil uptake during wet years may contribute to the twofold interannual variability in ozone deposition velocity at Harvard Forest. We link stomatal deposition and humidity to variability in ozone deposition velocity on daily timescales. The humidity dependence may reflect higher uptake by leaf cuticles under humid conditions, noted in previous work. Previous work also suggests that uptake by leaf cuticles may be enhanced after rain, but we find that increases in ozone deposition velocity on rainy days are instead mostly associated with increases in stomatal conductance. Our analysis highlights a need for constraints on subseasonal variability in ozone dry deposition to soil and fast in‐canopy chemistry during ecosystem stress.

ACS Style

O. E. Clifton; A. M. Fiore; J. W. Munger; R. Wehr. Spatiotemporal Controls on Observed Daytime Ozone Deposition Velocity Over Northeastern U.S. Forests During Summer. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 2019, 124, 5612 -5628.

AMA Style

O. E. Clifton, A. M. Fiore, J. W. Munger, R. Wehr. Spatiotemporal Controls on Observed Daytime Ozone Deposition Velocity Over Northeastern U.S. Forests During Summer. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2019; 124 (10):5612-5628.

Chicago/Turabian Style

O. E. Clifton; A. M. Fiore; J. W. Munger; R. Wehr. 2019. "Spatiotemporal Controls on Observed Daytime Ozone Deposition Velocity Over Northeastern U.S. Forests During Summer." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124, no. 10: 5612-5628.

Journal article
Published: 02 March 2019 in Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences
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The terrestrial biosphere strongly modulates atmospheric CO2 mixing ratios, whose inexorable rise propels anthropogenic climate change. Modeling and mechanistically understanding C uptake by the terrestrial biosphere are thus of broad societal concerns. Yet despite considerable progress, scaling up point observations to landscape and larger scales continues to frustrate analyses of the anthropogenically perturbed global C cycle. While that up‐scaling is our overarching motivation, here we focus on one of its elements, modeling C uptake at a given site. We devise a novel artificial neural network (ANN)‐based model of C uptake at Harvard Forest that combines locally observed and remotely sensed variables. Most of our model predictors are those used by an established ecosystem C uptake model, the Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (VPRM), easing comparisons. To those, we add observed cumulative antecedent precipitation and soil temperature. We find that model errors are much larger in winter, indicating that better understanding and modeling of respiration will likely discernibly improve model performance. Comparing the ANN and VPRM results reveals errors attributed to unrealistic treatment of temperature in the VPRM formulation, indicating that better representation of temperature dependencies is also likely to enhance model skill. By judiciously comparing VPRM and ANN errors we thus overcome ANNs' notoriety for concealing the mechanisms underlying their predictive skills. We demonstrate their ability to identify outstanding ecosystem science knowledge gaps and particularly fruitful corresponding model development directions, improving site specific and up‐scaling flux modeling and understanding of the climate impacts of the northern forest.

ACS Style

Gidon Eshel; Archana Dayalu; Steven C. Wofsy; J. William Munger; Eli Tziperman. Listening to the Forest: An Artificial Neural Network‐Based Model of Carbon Uptake at Harvard Forest. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 2019, 124, 461 -478.

AMA Style

Gidon Eshel, Archana Dayalu, Steven C. Wofsy, J. William Munger, Eli Tziperman. Listening to the Forest: An Artificial Neural Network‐Based Model of Carbon Uptake at Harvard Forest. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 2019; 124 (3):461-478.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gidon Eshel; Archana Dayalu; Steven C. Wofsy; J. William Munger; Eli Tziperman. 2019. "Listening to the Forest: An Artificial Neural Network‐Based Model of Carbon Uptake at Harvard Forest." Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 124, no. 3: 461-478.

Research article
Published: 01 February 2019 in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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The chemical mechanisms responsible for rapid sulfate production, an important driver of winter haze formation in northern China, remain unclear. Here, we propose a potentially important heterogeneous hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) chemical mechanism. Through analyzing field measurements with aerosol mass spectrometry, we show evidence for a possible significant existence in haze aerosols of organosulfur primarily as HMS, misidentified as sulfate in previous observations. We estimate that HMS can account for up to about one-third of the sulfate concentrations unexplained by current air quality models. Heterogeneous production of HMS by SO2 and formaldehyde is favored under northern China winter haze conditions due to high aerosol water content, moderately acidic pH values, high gaseous precursor levels, and low temperature. These analyses identify an unappreciated importance of formaldehyde in secondary aerosol formation and call for more research on sources and on the chemistry of formaldehyde in northern China winter.

ACS Style

Shaojie Song; Meng Gao; Weiqi Xu; Yele Sun; Douglas R. Worsnop; John T. Jayne; Yuzhong Zhang; Lei Zhu; Mei Li; Zhen Zhou; Chunlei Cheng; Yibing Lv; Ying Wang; Wei Peng; Xiaobin Xu; Nan Lin; Yuxuan Wang; Shuxiao Wang; J. William Munger; Daniel J. Jacob; Michael B. McElroy. Possible heterogeneous chemistry of hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) in northern China winter haze. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2019, 19, 1357 -1371.

AMA Style

Shaojie Song, Meng Gao, Weiqi Xu, Yele Sun, Douglas R. Worsnop, John T. Jayne, Yuzhong Zhang, Lei Zhu, Mei Li, Zhen Zhou, Chunlei Cheng, Yibing Lv, Ying Wang, Wei Peng, Xiaobin Xu, Nan Lin, Yuxuan Wang, Shuxiao Wang, J. William Munger, Daniel J. Jacob, Michael B. McElroy. Possible heterogeneous chemistry of hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) in northern China winter haze. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2019; 19 (2):1357-1371.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shaojie Song; Meng Gao; Weiqi Xu; Yele Sun; Douglas R. Worsnop; John T. Jayne; Yuzhong Zhang; Lei Zhu; Mei Li; Zhen Zhou; Chunlei Cheng; Yibing Lv; Ying Wang; Wei Peng; Xiaobin Xu; Nan Lin; Yuxuan Wang; Shuxiao Wang; J. William Munger; Daniel J. Jacob; Michael B. McElroy. 2019. "Possible heterogeneous chemistry of hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) in northern China winter haze." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 2: 1357-1371.