Measuring changes in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of various large economies is fundamental for analyzing the impact and effectiveness of various policies in this direction. This study analyzes intertemporal changes in energy and CO₂ emissions efficiency of economies by applying a network data envelopment analysis approach that takes into consideration the internal structure of the analysis units. We have applied two divisional network data envelopment analysis models for analysis of the economic and distributive efficiency of economies from 2001 to 2011. The results are very useful in analyzing the situation; we found that none of the economies was efficient in both aspects in the sample period, implying that none of the countries in the analysis was efficient in the production and distribution of economic outputs simultaneously. Brazil, Canada, China and Germany showed improvement in economic efficiency but the distribution efficiency of the most of the economies is low because of the increase in population and high-income class. Most of the countries had an increase in the high-income class but China performed better in the second division because it has managed to improve its middle-income class in the recent past by moving more people from low-income class to middle income class. It is suggested that countries should emphasize on economic restructuring and expansion of the middle-income class to improve their performance in the production and distribution of economic outputs.

The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of social media marketing on sustainable food consumption in the food industry of Pakistan with an emphasis on the moderating effect of customer satisfaction. The results of this study also show that social media marketing increases customer satisfaction which increase the levels of sustainable consumption. A cross-sectional study in which 300 participants were included responded to the questionnaire and the data was analyzed by SPSS and Smart PLS 3. 0 for mediation testing. Findings supportive of SM marketing show that is not only directly linked to sustainability but also indirectly through the enhancement of customer satisfaction. These findings provide significant implications for the food industry businesses to understand the role of social media strategies in enhancing customer loyalty and sustain the business in the long run.

In the modern electronic market, electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) is a strong driver of consumer behaviour, particularly when used alongside customer reliability and website performance rates like Conversion Rate Optimization (CRO). In examining these associations, the paper relies on both Social Exchange Theory and the Technology Acceptance Model. As the theoretical frameworks, the study was done using a quantitative and cross-sectional research design, where 300 structured questionnaires were administered to primary data (online consumers in Pakistan). The data analyses relied on SmartPLS 3.28 with measurement and structural model analysis and bootstrapping methodology to test the hypotheses. The results indicate that eWOM directly affects customer trust and purchasing behavior significantly, and customer trust mediates the connection between eWOM and two outcome variables, which are CRO and consumer purchasing behavior. These findings demonstrate the critical importance of trust as a psychological process increasing the effectiveness of conversion and purchase intentions in online settings. Marketers can find useful information in this research when optimizing online platforms by using the content generated by users and strategies to build trust. There are also implications, limitations, and future research directions.

This study focuses on the complex interconnectedness of CSRI with CP and PI, with EBI as a mediator and CSRA as the moderator. Since CSR has become an essential factor that affects consumer behavior, the present study focuses on exploring how CSR can impact the consumer decision-making process directly or indirectly. The exploratory, descriptive research design was used based on the positivism paradigm, and data was gathered through the distribution of questionnaires to 350 consumers of a particular brand. The sample size was also considered to achieve adequate power and sample representation. This study applied Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) for the data analysis to test the proposed model and estimate the observed construct correlations. The results show positive relationships between CSRI, CP, EBI, and CSRA, with more than 99% confidence in the findings supporting the established hypotheses. First, CSRI is positively associated with EBI, and EBI is positively associated with PI, and second, CP is positively related to EBI. Moreover, the research finds that the partial mediational effects held that the higher the degree of CSR authenticity (CSRA), the more significant the relationships between CP's effect on PI and CSRI were. Specifically, CSR communication gains greater visibility and consumer acceptance when genuine efforts occur. The study supports this conclusion by emphasizing the value of maintaining an ethical brand image as a key managerial factor for brands that aspire to improve the effectiveness of their CSR communication for consumer behavior. By identifying that CSR authenticity increases the association between CSR activities and purchase intentions, this analysis extends the literature to stress the mediating influence of CSR authenticity in consumer decision-making. The study indicates that brands should not only embark on CSR but also communicate their CSR efforts effectively to consumers, as consumers perceive CSR as positively influencing their trust and likelihood of purchasing. The findings of this study are relevant to marketers and brand managers interested in using CSR strategies to enhance the effect of their communication and ‘‘purchase intentions.’’ The study also provides a way for future research to unmask the impact of CSR authenticity and ethical brand image on other, more general consumer behaviors

This study explores how sustainability label credibility affects green purchase intention with the mediating effect of environmental trust and the moderating effect of greenwashing awareness. A quantitative research design was employed to collect data through a structured questionnaire among the environmentally conscious consumers and processed by Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The findings suggest that the credibility of sustainability labels has a considerable direct and indirect positive impact on green purchase intention through environmental trust. In addition, the relationship between label credibility and greenwashing awareness is negative and moderated by greenwashing awareness, which reduces effects of label credibility in consumer cases, where consumers are more aware. This study adds to the literature on sustainability marketing and consumer behavior by combining the perspective of credibility, trust, and skepticism. The findings provide viable implications to marketers to create a viable sustainability label to increase trust on a label by encouraging responsible buying behavior towards the environment.

This study analyzes the effects of CSR marketing on brand loyalty specifically the mediating effect of customer CSR awareness and the moderating effect of perceived financial value. With the rising number of consumers focusing on ethical and social aspects in their buying behavior, companies have adopted CSR marketing to one of the strategic instruments to communicate their social and environmental responsibility. Nevertheless, the success of such initiatives is highly determined by the level of awareness of consumers to the CSR initiatives and financial value that the brand provides to them. Applying quantitative research, the consumers working in different industries were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) used to test the proposed relations. The results indicate that CSR marketing impacts the brand loyalty positively and indirectly through customer CSR awareness. Further, the perceived financial value considerably moderates the relationship between CSR marketing and brand loyalty in cases where customers perceive greater financial value in the relationship. This study adds to the existing body of literature on CSR and consumer behavior in the sense that it incorporates the communicative, cognitive, and economic perspectives in one framework. The findings provide insights that can be put in practice by the managers who are interested in creating effective CSR communication strategy to improve customer recognition without creating a negative perception of value that may lead to a long-term brand loyalty.