DNA methylation, an important epigenetic modification, regulates the expression of genes and is therefore involved in the transitions between floral developmental stages in flowering plants. To explore whether DNA methylation plays different roles in the floral development of individual male and female dioecious plants, we injected 5-azacytidine (5-azaC), a DNA methylation inhibitor, into the trunks of female and male basket willow (Salix viminalis L.) trees before flower bud initiation. As expected, 5-azaC decreased the level of DNA methylation in the leaves of both male and female trees during floral development; however, it increased DNA methylation in the leaves of male trees at the flower transition stage. Furthermore, 5-azaC increased the number, length and diameter of flower buds in the female trees but decreased these parameters in the male trees. The 5-azaC treatment also decreased the contents of soluble sugars, starch and reducing sugars in the leaves of the female plants, while increasing them in the male plants at the flower transition stage; however, this situation was largely reversed at the flower development stage. In addition, 5-azaC treatment decreased the contents of auxin indoleacetic acid (IAA) in both male and female trees at the flower transition stage. These results indicate that hypomethylation in leaves at the flower transition stage promotes the initiation of flowering and subsequent floral growth in Salix viminalis, suggesting that DNA methylation plays a similar role in vegetative–reproductive transition and early floral development. Furthermore, methylation changes during the vegetative–reproductive transition and floral development were closely associated with the biosynthesis, metabolism and transportation of carbohydrates and IAA. These results provide insight into the epigenetic regulation of carbohydrate accumulation.

The objective of this study was to illustrate the photosynthetic characteristics of current twigs of Salix matsudana Koidz., and clarify the effect of stem photosynthesis on the new organ development in cutting seedlings. Excised twigs were taken as the experimental samples. The response of the stem photosynthesis rate to increasing light intensity and the effective photochemical efficiency of the cross section of the twig were determined. Then, twigs were used as cuttings and exposed to 0, 20, and 100 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ light intensities, respectively, to achieve distinctive stem photosynthetic rates. After 14 days of treatment, stem water and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) content, as well as the biomass and carbon isotopic composition, of new organs in the cutting seedlings under different light treatments were examined. The results showed that the gross photosynthetic rate significantly increased within 400 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ of light intensity, and the maximum rate was approximately 1.27 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. The effective photochemical efficiency of the PSⅡ of the cortex was significantly higher than the inner tissues in the cross section of the twig. When twig cuttings were exposed to different light intensities, stem water and starch content, as well as bud and root biomass, were significantly higher in the cutting seedling subjected to 100 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ than the case treated in darkness; however, the bud δ¹³C trend was the opposite. Stem photosynthesis played a positive role in the maintenance of stem water and starch supply for the cutting seedlings, and ¹³C depleted assimilates produced by stem photosynthesis contributed to bud biomass, revealing that stem photosynthesis promotes organ development in cutting seedlings of Salix matsudana.

Agricultural tourism plays an important role in driving farmers to get rich, optimizing industrial structure, enhancing regional image and meeting tourists' tourism demand. At present, tourists who pay attention to life experience take agricultural tourism as an important choice for leisure and vacation. Taking Tai’an National Agricultural Science and Technology Park as an example, this paper adopts SWOT analysis method to systematically analyze the advantages, disadvantages and opportunities and challenges faced in the development of leisure agricultural tourism in modern agricultural parks. It also puts forward countermeasures and suggestions for the development of leisure agricultural tourism in agricultural science and technology parks, in order to provide reference for the sustainable development of modern agricultural science and technology parks.

As a new topic in higher education reform, innovation and entrepreneurship education provides new opportunities for the reform of application-oriented undergraduate education. This article analyzes the current development status of innovation and entrepreneurship education in application-oriented undergraduate universities, constructs an innovation and entrepreneurship education ecosystem model based on ecosystem theory, and analyses its operational mechanism from five aspects: balance mechanism, coordination mechanism, dynamic mechanism, control mechanism, and coordinated development mechanism. Finally, the article proposes a multi-drive mechanism of "university-led + government-guided + enterprise participation" from three aspects: innovative cultivation mode, curriculum system innovation, and practical platform innovation.

Embolism destroys the water conveyance function of ducts, reduces the hydraulic conductivity of xylem, and leads to the closure of stomata and the obstruction of photosynthesis in leaves. Therefore, in-situ repair of xylem embolism is very important to ensure the water conveyance function of catheter. Osmotic adjustment is the main driving force for in-situ repair of xylem embolism. Soluble sugars act as apoplast chemical signals and act as osmotic adjustment substances to mediate osmotic driving force during osmotic adjustment-driven catheter refilling. In this study, the isolated branches of Salix matsudana were treated with light and darkness at different times after natural drought and water loss, reaching the preset water potential. By analyzing the NSC changes of branches under different treatment conditions, the dynamics and mechanism of cortical photosynthesis on in-situ repair of woody plant embolism were analyzed. It was found that cortical photosynthesis increased the starch and soluble sugar content in bark and xylem of Salix matsudana branches, and provided a non-structural carbohydrate source for embolic catheter refilling.

As a professional basic course of tourism management major, tourism statistics has the characteristics of strong logic, many concepts and many formulas. Because of its relatively boring theoretical knowledge, relatively complex experimental skills and high requirements for students' mathematical foundation, it has become a common difficulty in the learning process of students majoring in tourism management. In the teaching of Tourism Statistics, by introducing the teaching concept of "project-driven in the whole process", the course is reformed from four aspects: teaching goal, teaching content, teaching method and teaching examination. Specifically, the curriculum goal is set to improve students' ability of tourism statistics analysis, increase the practical content of tourism statistics, and increase the in-depth study of tourism statistics theory; according to the characteristics of the course, the course content of Tourism Statistics is redesigned and the teaching content system is optimized; the teaching of Tourism Statistics is carried out by using project-based heuristic teaching method, task-driven teaching method and team cooperation teaching method. Adopting diversified assessment methods, through the implementation and evaluation of the whole process, students are allowed to study independently and explore problems, and problems are actively analyzed and solved, which greatly stimulates students' sense of achievement and participation in learning and established a more comprehensive and profound understanding of tourism statistics.