Sirtuins are a family of proteins with enzymatic activity. There are seven mammalian sirtuins (SIRT1-SIRT7) that are found in different cellular compartments. They are a part of crucial cellular pathways and are regulated by many factors, such as chemicals, environmental stress, and phytochemicals. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have presented their involvement in anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic processes. Recent findings imply that phytochemicals such as resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, fisetin, berberine, and kaempferol may regulate the activity of sirtuins. Resveratrol mainly activates SIRT1 and indirectly activates AMPK. Curcumin influences mainly SIRT1 and SIRT3, but its activity is broad, and many pathways in different cells are affected. Quercetin mainly modulates SIRT1, which triggers antioxidant and antiapoptotic responses. Fisetin, through SIRT1 regulation, modifies lipid metabolism and anti-inflammatory processes. Berberine has a wide spectrum of effects and a significant impact on SIRT1 signaling pathways. Finally, kaempferol triggers anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects through SIRT1 induction. This review aims to summarize recent findings on the properties of phytochemicals in the modulation of sirtuin activity, with a particular focus on biochemical aspects.

Background: Migraine is a common, disabling neurological disorder with substantial genetic and environmental contributions. Dietary exposures are widely discussed by patients and clinicians as potential triggers or modifiers of attack frequency and severity. We synthesized contemporary evidence on dietary patterns, specific nutrients, and elimination strategies relevant to migraine prevention and management. Methods: We performed a narrative review of PubMed and Google Scholar (inception–August 2025) using combinations of “migraine”, “diet”, “nutrition”, “ketogenic”, “Mediterranean”, “omega-3”, and “gluten”. We prioritized randomized/controlled studies, recent systematic reviews/meta-analyses, and representative observational studies; evidence quality and applicability were appraised descriptively. Results: Higher adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet is associated with lower migraine frequency and disability in observational cohorts. Very low-calorie ketogenic diets significantly reduced monthly migraine attack frequency compared with isocaloric non-ketogenic comparators in an adult randomized controlled trial of participants with overweight or obesity (≥50% responder rate: 74% vs. 6%). Additional supportive evidence from uncontrolled studies, including those involving medium-chain triglyceride supplementation, further corroborates these findings. Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA/DHA) show prophylactic benefit in randomized trials and network meta-analyses, with favorable tolerability. Gluten-free diets may improve headaches in celiac disease and may help selected non-celiac patients. Alcohol (especially red wine) and high, irregular caffeine intake are frequently reported triggers, while evidence for specific foods/additives remains inconsistent. Weight loss and regular physical activity may further reduce burden in people with obesity. Conclusions: Current evidence supports recommending Mediterranean-style eating, consideration of omega-3 supplementation, and selective trials of ketogenic or elimination approaches in appropriate patients, alongside weight management and lifestyle optimization. High-quality, longer-duration RCTs using standardized dietary protocols and adherence biomarkers are needed to define dose–response relationships and enable personalized nutrition in migraine.

Introduction: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is the most common peripheral nerve entrapment neuropathy, significantly affecting upper limb function and work productivity. First described by Paget in 1854, CTS is primarily diagnosed clinically based on symptoms such as numbness and tingling, often worsening at night, and positive provocative tests. Its pathophysiology involves increased pressure within the carpal tunnel, ischemia, inflammation, and genetic predispositions. Treatment options include conservative approaches like splinting and pharmacotherapy, as well as surgical decompression. Recently, minimally invasive methods such as acupuncture have gained attention, particularly in cases where conventional treatments are ineffective. Aim: This article aims to review the pathophysiology and standard treatments of CTS, with a particular focus on assessing the role and effectiveness of acupuncture as a minimally invasive therapeutic alternative. Review Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on the following keywords: acupuncture, carpal tunnel syndrome treatment, and pathophysiology of carpal tunnel syndrome. Conclusion: Acupuncture-especially manual acupuncture and when combined with other interventions like splinting-shows promise in reducing CTS symptoms and improving functional outcomes. In some cases, it may be more effective than pharmacological treatments. Neuroimaging studies have indicated that acupuncture may trigger objective neurophysiological changes associated with symptom relief. However, the current quality of evidence is generally low or very low, underscoring the need for more rigorous, large-scale randomized controlled trials to better define its efficacy and establish standardized treatment protocol.

This work presents a standardized 360-degree, clock-face ultrasonographic protocol for comprehensive static and dynamic assessment of the glenoid labrum. The protocol translates the arthroscopic clock-face orientation into ultrasound scanning windows, providing reproducible steps for each labral quadrant (12 to 12 o’clock) including patient positioning, transducer orientation, and dynamic maneuvers. By leveraging linear transducers with trapezoidal imaging and an optional convex transducer to bypass acoustic shadowing from the acromion and coracoid, all labral segments can be consistently visualized, while dynamic testing reveals subtle clefts, irregular margins, and medial displacement patterns. Clinically, this approach is particularly valuable for patients who cannot undergo MRI or MR arthrography (e.g., due to metallic implants, contrast allergy, claustrophobia or renal dysfunction) and in settings where MR/MRA is unavailable or impractical (sports medicine, urgent care, postoperative follow-up). The pictorial atlas and step-by-step checklists aim to support adoption in routine practice and to facilitate communication with surgeons through shared clock-face terminology. This protocol is not intended to replace MR arthrography for surgical planning; rather, when MRI/MRA cannot be performed or access is limited, it provides actionable, dynamic information that complements clinical decision-making.

Background and Objectives: Meniscal pathologies are common abnormalities of the knee joint and a frequent cause of knee pain. Prompt and accurate diagnosis is essential to ensure appropriate treatment. Ultrasonography is increasingly used due to its accessibility, cost- and time-efficiency, and capacity for dynamic assessment. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonography in identifying specific types of meniscal tears and to assess their frequency of occurrence. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to assess the frequency and sonographic appearance of various meniscal pathologies. The study population included all patients who underwent ultrasonographic examination of the knee in our clinic over one year for various indications (n = 430). Archived ultrasound images were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Results: Meniscal pathologies were identified in 134 patients. The findings included 95 cases of degenerative lesions (70.9%), 18 meniscal cyst-related pathologies (13.4%), 8 complex tears (6.0%), 5 flap tears (3.7%), 3 vertical pericapsular tears (2.2%), 3 partial thickness tears (2.2%), and 2 bucket-handle-type tears (1.5%). Each lesion type was characterized and illustrated through representative ultrasound images. Conclusions: Ultrasound imaging of meniscal pathology offers a valuable diagnostic option. By characterizing and visually documenting different meniscal lesions, this study highlights the practical potential of ultrasonography in routine clinical settings. These findings may enhance diagnostic accuracy and guide more targeted management strategies. Moreover, the results contribute to the expanding body of research on musculoskeletal ultrasonography and may encourage broader adoption of ultrasound in orthopedic diagnostics.

Low back pain (LBP) encompasses a range of symptoms such as discomfort, muscle tension, tenderness, and stiffness in the area between the lower rib cage and the buttocks. The causes of LBP can be divided into two primary categories: specific low back pain, which has identifiable sources, and non-specific low back pain (NSLBP), which lacks a clear cause. Studies indicate that most patients will experience at least one recurrence of LBP within the span of a year. Additionally, around 5 to 10 percent of acute low back pain cases can progress to chronic low back pain (CLBP). Interestingly, around 90% of LBP instances are not associated with identifiable physical anomalies. This poses a significant challenge for healthcare systems, especially considering the persistent and often unclear nature of these pain conditions. To address lower back pain, three common approaches are used: medications, surgical procedures, and rehabilitation programs. In recent years, there has been a growing trend toward complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in developed countries, largely due to the side effects associated with traditional treatment methods. The aim of this article is to assess the effectiveness of treating low back pain through cupping. A comprehensive analysis of research papers available on PubMed and Google Scholar was undertaken using the searchterms encompassing the following keywords: cupping therapy, low back pain (LBP), chronic back pain, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). In traditional medicine, treatment methods typically involve options like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, muscle relaxants, steroids, and in some cases, surgery. However, emerging research suggests that cupping therapy could be a promising alternative for managing these conditions. To fully understand how long cupping is effective for alleviating lower back pain (LBP), further studies and appropriate follow-ups are essential.