Introduction: The number of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) individuals worldwide has been continuously increasing. Numerous studies have shown that greenness can improve chronic respiratory health issues through different mechanisms, with inconsistent evidence. By quantitatively summarizing existing studies, our purpose is to determine the connection between greenness exposure and various chronic respiratory health.Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search on PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science core databases to identify relevant studies on the correlation between greenness exposure and chronic respiratory health issues. Studies published up to January 2023 were included in the search. The study used the most frequent indicator (normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI]) as the definition of greenness exposure.Results: We finally identified 35 studies for meta-analysis. We calculated pooled effects across studies using a random-effects model and conducted a subgroup analysis by age and buffer zones to discuss the effects on chronic respiratory health issues. This study showed that 0.1 increments in NDVI were significantly related to lower rates of asthma incidence, lung cancer incidence, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality risk; the pooled RRs were 0.92 (95% CI: 0.85–0.98), 0.62 (95% CI: 0.40–0.95), and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.92– 0.99), respectively. For the age subgroup, the higher greenness exposure level was related to the incidence rate of asthma among teenagers aged 13–18years (RR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.83–0.99). For the buffer subgroup, a positive relationship with greenness exposure and asthma incidence/prevalence at 200–300m and 800– 1000m buffers, as well as the COPD mortality at 800–1000m buffer, the pooled RRs were 0.92 (95% CI: 0.86–0.98), 0.87 (95% CI: 0.81–0.93), and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.88– 0.98), respectively. Evidence of publication bias was not detected in this study.Discussion: Our study is the first global meta-analysis between greenness and various CRDs to report an inverse association. Further research is needed in order to determine the effect of greenness exposure on different CRDs. Therefore, when planning for green development, more consideration must be given to public health and green management as intervention measures.https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPEROFILES/384029_STRATEGY_20230116.pdf

The influence of traditional Chinese ritual culture on courtyard spatial sequences is widely acknowledged. However, quantitative analytical methods, such as space syntax, have rarely been applied in studies of ritual–residential space relations. This study uses space syntax, specifically Visibility Graph Analysis (VGA) and axial maps, to conduct a quantitative study of the spatial relationship between ritual and residential areas in Prince Kung’s Mansion. The VGA results indicate a distinct gradient of visual integration, which decreases progressively from the outward-oriented ritual areas, such as the palace gate and halls, through the transitional domestic ritual areas to the inward-oriented residential areas, such as Xijin Zhai and Ledao Tang. This pattern demonstrates a positive correlation between spatial visibility and ritual hierarchy. The axial map results confirm that the central axis and core ritual spaces exhibit the highest spatial connectivity, reflecting their supreme ritual status. More importantly, spatial connectivity is intensified during ritual activities compared to in daily life, indicating that enhanced spatial connectivity is required during rituals. Ritual spaces are characterized by extroversion, high visibility, and connectivity, while residential spaces prioritize introversion and minimal exposure. The deliberately designed ritual–residential architectural spatial sequence of Prince Kung’s Mansion articulates Confucian ideological principles, such as centrality as orthodoxy, gender segregation, and hierarchy. This study visually and quantitatively illustrates the harmony between ritual and residential spaces in Prince Kung’s Mansion. It enhances our understanding of the mechanisms of expression of courtyard ritual cultural spaces, providing evidence-based guidance for functional adaptive transformations in heritage conservation practices. It also offers a fresh perspective on the analysis of courtyard ritual spaces.

Taking agricultural heritage system, intangible cultural heritage, and settlement heritage (including traditional villages and historically significant towns) as the research objects, this study analyzes the spatial pattern characteristics of agricultural civilization heritage in the Yellow River Basin (YRB). Methods such as the nearest neighbor index, kernel density analysis, center of gravity model, and landscape spatial correlation index are employed to examine spatial distribution patterns. Additionally, R language is utilized for optimal classification of driving factors, and the Geodetector model is applied to quantify the differential effects of various influencing factors. This paper addresses the research gap in two aspects: the comprehensive analysis of agricultural civilization heritage clusters in the Yellow River Basin, and the exploration of spatial correlations and driving mechanisms among diverse agricultural civilization heritages. The findings reveal that: ① The overall distribution of agricultural civilization heritage in YRB exhibits a clustering pattern. The average nearest neighbor index R of APH is 0.35, indicating that agricultural heritage system follows a random distribution. The R of ASH and ALH are 0.45 and 0.47, indicating that intangible cultural heritage and settlement heritage are clustered in groups. These heritage sites are predominantly located in the middle and lower reaches of the YRB, as well as ethnic minority areas in the upper reaches, such as Qinghai and Gansu. ② The centroids of the of agricultural civilization heritage all fall within Yan’ an, Shaanxi Province, indicating a high degree of spatial equilibrium. The landscape spatial correlation index R among agricultural civilization heritage all exceeds 0, indicating a clear positive correlation in the distribution. ③ The spatial distribution of agricultural civilization heritage is influenced by multiple socio-economic and natural environmental factors. Among socio-economic factors, road network density, urbanization rate and GDP are the primary determinants, while among natural factors, annual precipitation, water network density, and average annual temperature play dominant roles.

Coffee shops and teahouses are important everyday consumption venues through which changes in urban consumption-space organization can be observed. Existing studies have often examined them separately, leaving limited comparative evidence on how their coexistence, relative balance, directional change, and functional embedding differ across contrasting urban contexts. This study compares Jinan and Qingdao, two major cities in Shandong Province with different historical and functional settings, using annual point-of-interest (POI) data from 2018 to 2024 within a unified 500 m × 500 m grid framework. Coffee Ratio (CR), Hybridization Index (HI), and Cultural Transition Intensity (CTI) were combined with long-run cultural zones, temporal trajectory types, functional-zone context, and supplementary robustness checks to examine POI-observed coffee–tea venue patterns. The results show that coffee–tea venue change cannot be understood as a simple process in which coffee replaces tea. Jinan showed substantial overall expansion in coffee-shop and teahouse POIs, with total counts increasing by 64.6% from 2018 to 2024, while coffee share changed only slightly from 42.6% to 43.1%. By contrast, Qingdao showed little overall growth in total counts (+0.9%) but a marked compositional shift toward coffee, with coffee share increasing from 49.3% to 59.1%. Grid-level results further indicate that Qingdao had clearer coffee-oriented restructuring, a higher coffee-dominant share than Jinan, and more stable coffee trajectories, whereas Jinan retained a stronger tea-oriented base, higher coexistence balance, and more bidirectional adjustment. Functional-zone analyses showed significant contextual associations in both cities, with clearer functional differentiation in Qingdao and stronger links between mixed-use settings and cultural hybridity in Jinan. Overall, the findings suggest that POI-observed coffee–tea venue restructuring is better understood as differentiated reorganization characterized by coexistence, selective concentration, and uneven directional change rather than as a single linear process of substitution.

Coffee shops and teahouses are important everyday consumption venues through which changes in urban consumption-space organization can be observed. Existing studies have often examined them separately, leaving limited comparative evidence on how their coexistence, relative balance, directional change, and functional embedding differ across contrasting urban contexts. This study compares Jinan and Qingdao, two major cities in Shandong Province with different historical and functional settings, using annual point-of-interest (POI) data from 2018 to 2024 within a unified 500 m × 500 m grid framework. Coffee Ratio (CR), Hybridization Index (HI), and Cultural Transition Intensity (CTI) were combined with long-run cultural zones, temporal trajectory types, functional-zone context, and supplementary robustness checks to examine POI-observed coffee–tea venue patterns. The results show that coffee–tea venue change cannot be understood as a simple process in which coffee replaces tea. Jinan showed substantial overall expansion in coffee-shop and teahouse POIs, with total counts increasing by 64.6% from 2018 to 2024, while coffee share changed only slightly from 42.6% to 43.1%. By contrast, Qingdao showed little overall growth in total counts (+0.9%) but a marked compositional shift toward coffee, with coffee share increasing from 49.3% to 59.1%. Grid-level results further indicate that Qingdao had clearer coffee-oriented restructuring, a higher coffee-dominant share than Jinan, and more stable coffee trajectories, whereas Jinan retained a stronger tea-oriented base, higher coexistence balance, and more bidirectional adjustment. Functional-zone analyses showed significant contextual associations in both cities, with clearer functional differentiation in Qingdao and stronger links between mixed-use settings and cultural hybridity in Jinan. Overall, the findings suggest that POI-observed coffee–tea venue restructuring is better understood as differentiated reorganization characterized by coexistence, selective concentration, and uneven directional change rather than as a single linear process of substitution.