Introduction: A glioblastoma is an intra-axial brain tumour of glial origin that belongs to the category of diffuse gliomas and is the most common malignant neoplasia of the central nervous system. The rate of survival at 5 years, from the moment of diagnosis, is not higher than 10%. Materials and methods: In this retrospective study, fifty-four patients diagnosed with glioblastoma, from the Pathology Department of the County Emergency Clinical Hospital of Târgu Mureș, between 2014 and 2017 were included. We studied the clinico-pathological data (age, gender, location, and laterality) and, respectively, the immunoexpression of p53, Ki67, ATRX, and IDH-1 proteins. Results: We observed a statistically significant association between the laterality of the tumour according to the age groups, with the localization on the right side being more frequent in the age group below 65 years of age, while the involvement of the left hemisphere was more prevalent in those over 65 years. Out of the total 54 cases, 87.04% were found to be primary glioblastomas; more than 70% of the cases were ATRX immunopositive; almost 80% of the glioblastomas studied had wild-type p53 profile; and 35% of the cases were found to have a Ki67 index greater than 20%. A statistically significant association between gender and ATRX mutation was found; female cases were ATRX immunopositive in 92% of the cases. Almost 70% of the cases were both IDH-1 and p53 wild-type, and we observed the presence of both mutations in only 3.7% of the cases. Approximately 83% of primary glioblastomas were ATRX positive, respectively, and all IDH-1 mutant cases were ATRX negative. Conclusions: Glioblastomas still represent a multidisciplinary challenge considering their reserved prognosis. In this study, we described the most common clinico-pathological characteristics and IHC marker expression profiles, highlighting a variety of percentage ranges in primary and secondary glioblastomas. Given the small number of studied cases, further prospective studies on larger cohorts are needed in the future to evaluate the role of these immunohistochemical markers as prognostic factors for survival or recurrence.

Introduction Osteoporosis is characterized by a reduction in bone mineral density. Among the factors that can contribute to the onset of osteoporosis we can enumerate alcohol consumption, smoking, glucocorticoid therapy, or the presence of diabetes mellitus. The incidence of osteoporosis increases with age. Materials and Methods A total of 183 women over the age of 50, with a mean age of 67.9 ± 7.74 years, were studied to visualize spinal column alterations. From this cohort, 103 patients underwent bone mineral density testing using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and dorsolumbar radiography, while 80 patients did not undergo DXA testing. Assessment of the degree of vertebral involvement was performed using the Genant semiquantitative method. Results The highest percentage of vertebral fractures was observed in patients aged >70 years (100%). Within the studied cohort, 28% of patients displayed multiple vertebral fractures associated with age (p = 0.01). The most common site for vertebral involvement was the dorsolumbar region (D11–L2) across all age groups (p = 0.35). No statistically significant correlation (p = 0.22) was identified between DXA values and the presence of vertebral fractures, despite a trend of increased incidence of fractures as the T-score decreased. Conclusion Within the cohort, vertebral fractures were identified both in women with normal values

Introduction The sural nerve is a sensitive nerve whose function is to provide sensory supply for the posterolateral aspect of the distal third of the leg and the lateral side of the dorsum of the foot. This nerve is formed in the upper third of the calf from the terminal branches of the tibial and common peroneal nerves and the communicating branch of the sural nerve. Objectives The aim of our study is to showcase two anatomical variants of the sural nerve. Materials and methods Two formalin-preserved cadavers, one male and one female, embalmed using formalin 4% were dissected with the intent of being used as teaching materials for the students attending anatomy classes at the “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Romania. Results In both cases, less common anatomical variations of the formation of sural nerve were discovered. On the male cadaver, we identified the sural nerve as a continuation of the medial sural cutaneous nerve. The lateral sural cutaneous nerve and the communicating branch of the sural nerve were both absent. On the female cadaver, we identified both the medial sural cutaneous nerve and the lateral sural cutaneous nerve. The sural nerve was, however, a continuation of only

Background and Objectives: BRAF p.V600E status has diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic relevance in colorectal carcinoma. Molecular assays remain the reference methods, whereas mutation-specific BRAF (VE1 clone) immunohistochemistry offers a rapid tissue-based alternative. We evaluated VE1–molecular concordance and factors affecting diagnostic performance. Materials and Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched in August 2025 and updated on 27 July 2026 for English-language original studies published from 2014 through the update date. Eligible reports applied VE1 and a recognized molecular reference method to the same colorectal carcinoma specimens or a defined overlapping cohort. Study selection and data extraction were performed by one reviewer and independently verified by a second reviewer. Risk of bias and applicability were assessed at the estimate level with QUADAS-3. Because of substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity, no meta-analysis was performed, and the findings were synthesized descriptively. Results: Of 704 database records, 358 unique records were screened; 38 full-text reports were assessed and 28 were included. Twenty-three reports or defined subcohorts provided complete or clearly reconstructible 2 × 2 comparisons. Sensitivity ranged from 74.6% to 100% and specificity from 66.7% to 100%. Most optimized protocols exceeded 90% for both measures, whereas selected sampling, weak or focal staining, post hoc thresholds, protocol effects, and selective molecular verification reduced reliability. Conclusions: VE1 immunohistochemistry may provide a rapid, locally validated triage method for detecting BRAF p.V600E in colorectal carcinoma. However, substantial heterogeneity and recurrent risk-of-bias concerns limit the generalizability of the available estimates and do not support universal substitution for molecular testing. Equivocal, technically inadequate, or clinically discordant results require molecular clarification.