The interactive approach implies that a heterogeneous group of actors cooperates to identify, develop, and introduce innovative solutions on the ground. Twenty-year studies have shown this approach to be the most suitable to support innovation and knowledge sharing in the agri-food system. The present study aims to analyse how the interaction process works in the implementation of OGs in Italy, and its effectiveness, given the relevance assigned to EIP AGRI as a driver for innovation in the past and the current CAP programming periods. An online survey submitted to 270 OGs and 10 in-depth case studies were used to analyse the interaction process and verify whether a common implementation pattern can be identified. The results show that the implementation of OGs in Italy helped capture the real issues of farmers/rural entrepreneurs and support the creation and strengthening of relationships between partners. However, low levels of internal and external communications and the lack of efforts to disseminate the results reduced the effectiveness of the groups. The study showed how complex it is to describe the processes triggered by the interactive approach, being that it is influenced by the type of relationships existing between partners and by other external factors. The implementation of the next generation of OGs could be strengthened by improving their capacity to address the issues of large groups of farmers, promoting the presence of intermediaries to dialogue between partners and facilitating the active participation of advisors.

The interactive approach implies that a heterogeneous group of actors cooperates to identify, develop, and introduce innovative solutions into the ground. 20-year studies showed this approach as the most suitable to support innovation and knowledge sharing in the agri-food system. With the introduction of the EIP initiative in the EU policy, this approach has become a privileged tool to support innovation within the CAP, via the implementation of Operational Groups. The present study aims to analyse how the interaction process works in the implementation of the OGs in Italy, and its effectiveness. An online survey submitted to 270 OGs and 10 in-depth case studies were used to analyse interaction process and its effectiveness in the Italian OGs. The results show that the EIP AGRI in Italy helped to capture the real issues of farmers and other actors in the rural territories. Furthermore, participation in the OGs supported the creation and strengthening of relationships between partners. The major difficulties were identified in maintaining active interaction in all phases of the projects and with all partners involved and in the traditional approach used for dissemination of results, both within and outside the partnership. The study showed how complex is to describe the processes triggered by the interactive approach, being it influenced by the type of relationships existing between partners and by other external factors.