In recent decades, the biomedical applications of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted increasing attention. MSCs are easily extracted from the bone marrow, fat, and synovium, and differentiate into various cell lineages according to the requirements of specific biomedical applications. As MSCs do not express significant histocompatibility complexes and immune stimulating molecules, they are not detected by immune surveillance and do not lead to graft rejection after transplantation. These properties make them competent biomedical candidates, especially in tissue engineering. We present a brief overview of MSC extraction methods and subsequent potential for differentiation, and a comprehensive overview of their preclinical and clinical applications in regenerative medicine, and discuss future challenges.

Metal halide perovskite microcrystalline thick films with large grain size are promising for X-ray-based imaging due to their merits of large-area preparation, controlled thickness and optoelectronic properties comparable to single crystals. However, they usually possess a discontinuous surface and high trap density at grain boundaries, which makes it challenging to achieve sensitive X-ray detectors. Herein, we report the preparation of smooth methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI₃) microcrystalline thick films with a maximum grain size of 200 μm by MA-induced surface reconstruction. Subsequently, butylamine bromide (BABr) modification was used for defect healing at the surface and grain boundaries, resulting in enhanced carrier transport properties, reduced dark noise and suppressed nonradiative recombination. Finally, self-powered X-ray detectors with the high sensitivity of 3.55 × 10⁴ μC Gy_air ⁻¹ cm⁻² and low detection limit of 4.35 nGy_air s⁻¹ were achieved, which enabled clear imaging at the ultra-low dose rate of 480 nGy_air s⁻¹ under zero bias. More importantly, all experimental conditions of the crystal growth and post-treatment are compatible with the commercial thin-film transistor (TFT) backplanes, which promotes the practical imaging application of perovskite X-ray detectors.

Background: In patients with tibial plateau bone cysts undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA), bone defects commonly occur following tibial plateau resection. Current strategies for addressing these defects include bone grafting, bone cement filling, and the cement-screw technique. However, there remains no consensus on the optimal approach to achieve the best surgical outcomes. This study aims to evaluate the most effective repair method for residual bone defects following tibial plateau bone cyst repair during TKA from a biomechanical perspective.Methods: The treatment options for tibial plateau bone defects were classified into four categories: no treatment, cancellous bone filling, bone cement filling, and the cement-screw technique. Finite-element analysis (FEA) was employed to evaluate stress distribution and displacement across the models for each treatment group. In addition, static compression mechanical tests were used to assess the displacement of the models within each group.Results: FEA results indicate that when employing the cement-screw technique to repair tibial plateau bone defects, the maximum stress on the prosthesis and the cement below the prosthesis is minimized, while the maximum stress on the cancellous bone is maximized. And the displacement of each component is minimized. Biomechanical tests results further demonstrate that the displacement of the model is minimized when utilizing the cement-screw technique for tibial plateau bone defects.Conclusion: Using cement-screw technique in treating residual tibial bone defects due to bone cysts in TKA offers optimal biomechanical advantages.