INTRODUCTION Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia due to defect insulin release from pancreas and insulin resistance. The present study was aimed to screen the phytoconstituent present in leaf extract and evaluate α- amylase inhibitory activity of ethanolic extract of Calotropis gigantea leaf. Calotropis gigantea also known as crown flower is rich in phytochemicals like alkaloids, saponins, steroids, flavonoids and glycosides. It is used for asthma, bronchitis and dyspepsia, dried whole plant is a good tonic. MATERIAL AND METHODS About 58.45g coarse powder of Calotropis gigantea leaves was extracted with ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus. Then the phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract was done. Different concentration (0.1mg/ml to 1mg/ml) of ethanolic extracts of leaves, acarbose, sitagliptin and metformin was prepared, and all the concentration were evaluated for α- amylase inhibitory activity through spectrophotometric method. RESULTS Maximum inhibition of α- amylase was shown by acarbose at concentration of 1mg/ml and found to be 78.787 ± 0.00240 % whereas plant extract at concentration of 1mg/ml showed inhibition of α- amylase activity 54.6296 ± 0.00282 %. Percentage inhibition of α-amylase activity by plant extract was found to be dose dependent. CONCLUSION It was concluded that Calotropis gigantea leaves possess some bioactive compounds which were responsible for controlling blood glucose level by inhibiting α-amylase and its identification, isolation and characterization may lead to development of newer drugs with lesser side effects.

Background: Diabetic patients are more likely to experience morbidity and mortality as a result of microvascular complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and stroke. There are many synthetic anti-diabetic agents available which are expensive and have undesirable pathological effects. Thus, it is essential to look for cost-effective, natural, and safe antidiabetic agents. The aim of this study was to screen phytoconstituent and evaluate the in-vitro and in-silico α-amylase inhibitory activity of ethanolic extract of Adhatoda vasica leaves. Method: The extraction of Adhatoda vasica leaves was performed with ethanol through Soxhlet extraction process. Different concentrations (0.1 mg/ml to 1 mg/ml) of ethanolic extract, Acarbose, and Sitagliptin, were prepared and all concentrations were evaluated for α-amylase inhibitory activity through the spectrophotometric method. Molecular docking (AutodockVina 1.2.0) and toxicity profiling (SToPToX web server) studies were performed. Results: The plant extract showed highest inhibition of α-amylase (56.763±0.0035) at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. This inhibitory activity was supported by the in-silico study. Vasicoline (C5) and quercetin (C9), active constitute of plant Adhatoda vasica, showed the best binding energy of 8.3 and 8.0 Kcal/mol respectively with α-amylase enzyme (PDBID: 4W93). Toxicity study revealed the safety profile of plant extract. Conclusion: It was concluded that Adhatoda vasica leaves possess some bioactive compounds which are responsible for controlling blood glucose levels and its identification, purification, and isolation may lead to the development of newer therapeutic agent with lesser side effects.

The global pandemic situation caused by rare viral pneumonia occurs in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, which we now recognize as COVID-19. The molecular docking was used to identify potential phytoconstituents of Moringa oleifera and reference drug hydroxychloroquine on SARS-CoV-2 main protein by using AutoDock 4.2.6 and Auto dock Vina. All the physicochemical and bioactive parameters (ADME, toxicity study, receptor interaction, PASS analysis, drug-likeness) were determined using different online validated software. The binding energy of all SAR-CoV-2 proteins with selected phytoconstituents of Moringa oleifera were found to be beta carotene, vitamin E; myricetin, quercetin showed the highest binding affinity with all interacting proteins comparable with other drugs and reference drug hydroxychloroquine as an order: beta carotene > myricetin > quercetin > vitamin E> hydroxychloroquine>quinic acid. The MD simulation analysis of viral protein (6MOJ) with beta carotene, vitamin E and myricetin demonstrated strong stability at 300 K. All three complexes exhibit persistent RMSDs value (0.25 – 1.5 Å) of protein side-chain Cα atoms during the 3 ns MD simulation time scale. The minor changes of all three ligands with 2 different viral proteins increasing the compactness of ligands with protein in radius of gyration suggested the strong structural activity of ligands and the least fluctuation during the MD simulation (31.2, 30.0 and 31.2), respectively. In the present study revealed that all the active constituents of Moringa oleifera show good binding affinity, but beta carotene and myricetin have an excellent affinity with SARS-CoV-2 proteins respectively.

Introduction: Visual impairment from age related eye conditions is significant global and national health challenges, with high prevalence therefore likely to have a negative impact on their ability to perform optimally which affects their productivity. Hence the main objective of the study is to assess the ocular health and visual functions among tailors in Siddharthanagar municipality. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional descriptive study, 197 tailoring community participants were involved in the research of Siddharthanagar municipality from 27th Kartik to 30th Kartik, 2079. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on Ocular Health and Visual Function among Tailors. Results: Total of 197 participants were involved in the research among them 61.4% were male and 38.6% were female. Immature cataract (14.97%) followed by meibomitis (9.0%) were the most prevalent form of ocular disorders. Normal visual acuity was present in 66.0% of participants whereas 17.76% were hypermetropic, and 16.64% were myopic. Color vision was normal in 94.41% whereas 4.06% had a red-green deficiency and 1.52 % were not applicable for the test. Contrast sensitivity was normal in 89.98%, 8.12 % had a significant loss, 0.5% had severe loss of contrast and 1.52% were not applicable for the test. The visual field was normal in 98.48% of participants. Increased level of near point of convergence was noticed in 44.67% and 26.90% had decreased amount of near point of convergence. Accommodative insufficiency was noticed in 9.13% among patients below 40 years of age. Schirmer test revealed 32.48% had dry eyes. Conclusion: Regular time interval examining ocular health and visual function in tailors and notifying them about the importance of proper use of spectacle plays a notable role in the acknowledgement of ocular risk factors and its early elimination, improvement of their work productivity and quality of life.

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses significant global and national health challenges, with high prevalence, morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Its management is complicated by co-morbidities and patient non-adherence to treatment regimens, compounded by toxicological issues such as medication side effects and drug interactions. Materials and Methods: This study, conducted at the Universal College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, involved 170 randomly selected patients. Data from medical records and interviews focused on adherence and toxicological concerns, with the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale assessing adherence. Toxicological effects were evaluated through patient self-reports and record reviews, with SPSS version 20.0 used for data analysis. Results: The study showed that 85% of hypertensive patients were on non-ACEI regimens, while 25% with both diabetes and hypertension managed with insulin plus non-ACEI regimens. Only 32.9% adhered to prescribed regimens, citing high medication costs (51%) and toxicological concerns (12%) as primary reasons for non-adherence. Younger patients, specific occupations (e.g., teachers), and higher education levels correlated with better adherence. Conclusion: The study highlights the prevalence of medication use and adherence in CKD patients, emphasizing the need for cost-effective strategies and toxicological monitoring to improve adherence and patient outcomes.

Background & Objectives: One of the most dangerous microvascular effects of diabetes mellitus is diabetic retinopathy, which harms the blood vessels that supply the light-sensitive tissue in the rear of the eye. The changing pattern of lifestyle and advancement of technology, type 2 diabetes mellitus has become more common. Thus, this study was aimed to determine the prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy in individuals with type 2 diabetes who visited the Lumbini Eye Institute and Research Center retina department. Results: It was found that 115 of the 725 participants in the study had type 2 diabetes. The average age of participants was found as 54.6 ±8.889 years. Among 115 type 2 diabetic patients, 15.86% of participants were observed having diabetic retinopathy. The 34.8% of participants had history of less than five, and 65.2% had history of more than five years, of type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was more common in men than in women. Out of the 230 eyes, 57.82% had diabetic maculopathy, 20.9% had proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 7.4% had Advanced Diabetic Eye Disease, and 8.7% had non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion: The present study found that people with type 2 diabetes had a higher prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy with a higher male-to-female ratio.