The aim of this study was to identify the bioactive phytoconstituents present in the aqueous extract of Nigella sativa and also, to evaluate the antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activity in Wistar rats. The LC‐MS/MS analysis was assessed for the determination of different bioactive compounds present in N. sativa extract. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined by using validated Folin‐Ciocalteu and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The in‐vitro antioxidant and in‐vivo antihyperlipidemic activity in Wistar rats were also evaluated. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, and amino acids in the aqueous extract. The bioactive compounds of the aqueous extract were identified through LC‐MS/MS analysis. The in‐vitro antioxidant activity of N. sativa showed the highest free radical scavenging capacity in DPPH, H₂O₂, and OH radical scavenging assays with IC₅₀ values 11.916 ± 2.828, 30.294 ± 13.790, and 12.048 ± 2.828 µg/mL, respectively. Evaluation of antihyperlipidemic activity of extract in Wistar rats showed that a high dose (800 mg/kg) of extract significantly decreased total cholesterol (TC) 71.76 ± 6.91 mg/dL, TG 83.6 ± 8.09 mg/dL, low‐density lipoproteins (LDL‐c) 33.86 ± 6.05 mg/dL, very low‐density lipoproteins (VLDL‐c) 16.72 ± 1.61 mg/dL level in blood. However, the HDL‐C level was significantly improved (21.18 ± 1.80 mg/dL) as compared to HFD‐induced control rats (11.76 ± 1.14 mg/dL) after 28 days of treatment. Also, at the same dose, animal body weight was also decreased to 162.6 ± 16.40 g compared with control 184.4 ± 10.24 g. The aqueous extract of N. sativa was found to be an effective natural source of antioxidant and hypolipidemic agents. This activity was attributed to the presence of diverse bioactive compounds in it.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) affects millions of people worldwide. The article aims to review the therapeutic perspective on natural antioxidants, their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics in management and cure of COVID‐19/ SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. We conducted a literature search including World Health Organization and National Institute of Health guidelines and clinical trials registered with ClinicalTrials.gov limited to antioxidants in COVID‐19 management. Elderly, immunocompromised patients, and others with underlying health conditions or multiple comorbidities have a high mortality rate. Disrupted redox homeostasis and oxidative stress seem to be biological pathways that may increase personal vulnerability to infection. Antioxidants like vitamins C, D, E, epigallocatechin‐3 gallate, and morin have been reported to protect against COVID‐19 disease. Reactive oxygen species are immunological regulatory elements of viral replication. Natural antioxidants exhibit potential action in preventing inflammation and organ dysfunction during viral infection. They also increase glutathione level, oxygenation rate, and immunological responses in the treatment of sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. No wonder the selection of prevention, treatment, and cure of COVID‐19 and SARS‐CoV‐2 mainly depends upon the antiviral and immunoregulatory activity which they possess. Yet, their efficacy against COVID‐19 is of great concern and demands extensive study.

The consumption of green juice of Barley and wheat grass is widely increases because of its therapeutic benefits. The study aimed to investigate phytochemicals and evaluate the antioxidant and antidepressant activity of aqueous extract of barley and wheat grass. This study included phytochemical screening, evaluation of antioxidant and antidepressant activities. Four groups consisting of six mice in each group. Negative control with stressed induced mice; imipramine group (100 mg/kg), barley and wheat extract group (400 mg/kg) respectively. Forced swim, tail suspension and elevated plus maize test were carried out to evaluate the antianxiety and antidepressant activity. Phytochemical screening of barley and wheat grass extract showed secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, Saponin, Tannins, Phenolic, Carbohydrate, Glycosides, Flavonoids, and Proteins. The mean total phenolic content of aqueous extract of barley and wheat grass was 160.996 ± 0.656, 135.63 ± 1.184 mg equivalent of GAE/g respectively. The total flavonoid content of aqueous extract of barley and wheat grass was 153.42 ± 0.40, 133.14 ± 0.43 mg equivalent of quercetin/g respectively. The extracts were proved to be an effective radical scavenger in all antioxidant assays. Forced swim and tail suspension test showed a significant (∗p < 0.05 and ∗∗p < 0.01) decrease in an immobility time. In elevated plus maize, there was a significant (∗∗p < 0.01) increase in average time spent on the open arm of the extract-treated group as compared to the negative control. It shows that barley and wheat grass extract has antidepressant effect.

In the present study was to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract of the bark and root of Myrica esculenta and their active phytoconstituents through in vitro and in silico studies. The bioactive phytoconstituent of Myrica esculenta was determined by GC-MS spectroscopy techniques. After that, total phenolic and flavonoid content of both bark and root extract was determined. Furthermore, in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was determined in both extracts. The molecular docking analysis determined the binding affinity of bioactive compounds against inflammatory proteins such as COX-1, COX-2, IL-10, and TNF-α. The present study revealed that bark extract of Myrica esculenta has the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content compared with root extract (553.44 ± 18.38 mg GAE/g equivalent and 336.02 ± 8.04 mg quercetin/g equivalent, respectively). Similarly, the bark extract showed good inhibitory activity with 5-LOX and HYA assay (IC₅₀ 11.26 ± 3.93 and 21.61 ± 8.27 µg/mL, respectively), but 15-Lox inhibitory assay root extract showed the highest inhibitory activity, IC₅₀ 16.95 ± 5.92 µg/mL. The docking result showed that myricetin, arjunolic acid, and myricanone have the highest binding affinity with all inflammatory proteins in respective order: myricetin > arjunolic acid > celecoxib > myricanone > myricitrin > 3-epi-ursonic acid. The MD simulation of COX-1 and myricetin showed the highest stability and low deviation at 310 K through RMSD values (1.07–2.3 Å) as compared with COX-1 and myricitrin (0.193–1.885 Å) and TNF-α and myricanone (1.377 to 3.457 Å), respectively, when analyzed at 100 ns time frame. The extracts and their active constituents showed good anti-inflammatory activity. Further study is essential to define their mechanism of action.

Introduction: Urinary tract infection is a common bacterial infection associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and financial burden. This study aimed to identify the causative bacteria, assess their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and evaluate empirical and definitive antibiotic therapy for urinary tract infection. Methods: A hospital-based crosssectional study was conducted at the outpatient medicine department at a teaching hospital in Nepal from February 15 to July 14, 2022. Two hundred participants with positive urine cultures and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were included. The microorganism causing urinary tract infection and prescription pattern of antibiotics pre-and post-AST report were analyzed. Results: The majority of isolated pathogens were gram-negative bacteria (73%), with Escherichia coli being the most common (53.5%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus among gram-positive bacteria (14.5%). Female patients had a higher incidence of urinary tract infection (59.5%) than males (40.5%). The age group above 60 years had the highest occurrence (34%). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that Escherechia coli exhibited higher sensitivity to nitrofurantoin, amikacin, and meropenem, while resistance was observed against ampicillin, cefixime, and norfloxacin. Empirical antibiotics were commonly prescribed, with levofloxacin and ceftriaxone being the most frequent choices. After antibiotic susceptibility testing, nitrofurantoin and levofloxacin were frequently prescribed. Conclusions: This study provides valuable insights into the etiology of urinary tract infection and antibiotic susceptibility patterns, aiding in selecting appropriate antimicrobial therapy based on local resistance patterns.

The global pandemic situation caused by rare viral pneumonia occurs in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, which we now recognize as COVID-19. The molecular docking was used to identify potential phytoconstituents of Moringa oleifera and reference drug hydroxychloroquine on SARS-CoV-2 main protein by using AutoDock 4.2.6 and Auto dock Vina. All the physicochemical and bioactive parameters (ADME, toxicity study, receptor interaction, PASS analysis, drug-likeness) were determined using different online validated software. The binding energy of all SAR-CoV-2 proteins with selected phytoconstituents of Moringa oleifera were found to be beta carotene, vitamin E; myricetin, quercetin showed the highest binding affinity with all interacting proteins comparable with other drugs and reference drug hydroxychloroquine as an order: beta carotene > myricetin > quercetin > vitamin E> hydroxychloroquine>quinic acid. The MD simulation analysis of viral protein (6MOJ) with beta carotene, vitamin E and myricetin demonstrated strong stability at 300 K. All three complexes exhibit persistent RMSDs value (0.25 – 1.5 Å) of protein side-chain Cα atoms during the 3 ns MD simulation time scale. The minor changes of all three ligands with 2 different viral proteins increasing the compactness of ligands with protein in radius of gyration suggested the strong structural activity of ligands and the least fluctuation during the MD simulation (31.2, 30.0 and 31.2), respectively. In the present study revealed that all the active constituents of Moringa oleifera show good binding affinity, but beta carotene and myricetin have an excellent affinity with SARS-CoV-2 proteins respectively.