Efficient clustering and routing is a main challenge in a wireless sensor network (WSN). To achieve better quality-of-service (QoS) performance, this work introduces k-medoids with improved artificial-bee-colony (K-IABC)-based energy-efficient clustering and the cross-layer-based Harris-hawks-optimization-algorithm (CL-HHO) routing protocol for WSN. To overcome the power-asymmetry problem in wireless sensor networks, a cross-layer-based optimal-routing solution is proposed. The goal of cross-layer routing algorithms is to decrease network-transmission delay and power consumption. This algorithm which was used to evaluate and select the effective path route and data transfer was implemented using MATLAB, and the results were compared to some existing techniques. The proposed CL-HHO performs well in packet-loss ratio (PLR), throughput, end-to-end delay (E2E), jitter, network lifetime (NLT) and buffer occupancy. These results are then validated by comparing them to traditional routing strategies such as hierarchical energy-efficient data gathering (HEED), energy-efficient-clustering routing protocol (EECRP), Grey wolf optimization (GWO), and cross-layer-based Ant-Lion optimization (CL-ALO). Compared to the HEED, EECRP, GWO, and CL-ALO algorithms, the proposed CL-HHO outperforms them.

For Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems, the most significant problem is the peak-to-average power ratio. The utilisation of partial transmission sequence, often known as PTS, is an efficient method for reducing PAPR. When it comes to minimizing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Systems, PTS is one of the most effective approaches that may be used. Due to the substantial data load, using peak-to-average power ratio in OFDM is challenging. The most crucial problem with OFDM is achieving better results by lowering PAPR. Provide a PTS in this research that is based on the Chaotic Biogeography Based Optimization (CBBO) algorithm to effectively address the high PAPR issue that exists in Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) waveforms using Hermitian Symmetry property is used. The Hermitian symmetry is utilised in order to acquire a real-valued time-domain signal. Phase rotation factor combinations are carried out in an effective and optimal manner through the utilisation of an innovative combination of optimization techniques. In comparison to conventional optimization techniques, a new hybrid optimization offers quick convergence quality and minimal complexity. When compared to traditional PTS methods such traditional GFDM and OFDM-PTS, experimental results demonstrate that the suggested CBBO-PTS technique significantly improves on minimizing PAPR.