The Internet of Things (IoT) is essential in innovative applications such as smart cities, smart homes, education, healthcare, transportation, and defense operations. IoT applications are particularly beneficial for providing healthcare because they enable secure and real-time remote patient monitoring to improve the quality of people’s lives. This review paper explores the latest trends in healthcare-monitoring systems by implementing the role of the IoT. The work discusses the benefits of IoT-based healthcare systems with regard to their significance, and the benefits of IoT healthcare. We provide a systematic review on recent studies of IoT-based healthcare-monitoring systems through literature review. The literature review compares various systems’ effectiveness, efficiency, data protection, privacy, security, and monitoring. The paper also explores wireless- and wearable-sensor-based IoT monitoring systems and provides a classification of healthcare-monitoring sensors. We also elaborate, in detail, on the challenges and open issues regarding healthcare security and privacy, and QoS. Finally, suggestions and recommendations for IoT healthcare applications are laid down at the end of the study along with future directions related to various recent technology trends.

Two different nondestructive test (NDT) methods, air-coupled impact-echo (IE) and infrared (IR) thermography are evaluated on a full-scale simulated reinforced concrete bridge deck containing simulated delamination and cracking defects. The IE data are presented as two-dimensional frequency maps and spectral B-scan lines. The IR data are presented as temperature maps on the concrete surface. The lateral boundaries of the detected delaminations are also indicated in the images. The results obtained from each of the individual NDT methods show reasonably good agreement with most of the actual defects. The advantages and limitations of each method to characterize defects are discussed. The consistency and sensitivity of each method are also investigated. Finally, a simple data fusion technique is proposed to improve effectiveness of the individual test data. The findings from this study demonstrate that the combination of air-coupled IE and IR thermography tests is a practical option for consistent a...

The field application of three different nondestructive tests (NDTs)—air-coupled impact echo (IE), infrared (IR) thermography, and sounding (chain drag)—are evaluated in this paper, where an actual in-service concrete bridge deck is tested. Two different contactless IE test equipment sets are deployed as part of an effort to develop new rapid measurement methods. The IE data are presented as two-dimensional frequency maps, and the IR data are presented as temperature maps over the tested area. Sounding (chain-drag) result maps are also presented. For verification of the location of near-surface delamination damage, eight drilled core samples were extracted from the test area. The results obtained from each of the individual NDT methods show reasonably good agreement with the drilled cores in terms of locating near-surface delamination. Finally, the NDT methods are compared across general performance criteria, considering accuracy, testing practicality, and costs. The analysis shows that all of the...

The objective of this study is to review, evaluate, and compare the existing research and practices on electrical resistivity as a nondestructive technique in evaluating chloride-induced deterioration of reinforced concrete elements in buildings and civil infrastructure systems. First, this paper summarizes the different measurement techniques for gathering electrical resistivity (ER) values on concrete. Second, comparison analyses are performed to review the correlation of ER to different parameters representing corrosive environment and activity of steel corrosion in concrete, such as degree of water saturation, chloride penetration and diffusivity, and corrosion rate. In addition, this research enumerates and individually discusses the different environmental and interference factors that are not related to the electrochemical process of steel corrosion in concrete but directly affect the ER measurements, including temperature, the presence of steel reinforcement, cracks and delamination defects, specimen geometry, and concrete composition. Lastly and most importantly, discussions are made to determine the current gap of knowledge, to improve the utilization of this method in field and laboratory measurements, and future research.